Table 1.
Description of sociodemographics, and behavioural characteristics and outcomes of the participants
| n | Mean ± SD or n (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics < 14 weeks | ||
| Age (years) | 130 | 30.4 ± 5.8 |
| Height (cm) | 130 | 158.8 ± 5.9 |
| Baseline weight (kg) < 14 weeks | 130 | 69.9 ± 14.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) < 14 weeks | 130 | 27.7 ± 5.2 |
| BMI classification | 130 | |
| Underweight | 2 (1.5%) | |
| Normal weight | 38 (29.2%) | |
| Overweight | 53 (40.8%) | |
| Obese class I | 37 (28.5%) | |
| Sociodemographic (< 14 weeks) | ||
| Marital status | 127 | |
| Single | 73 (57.5%) | |
| Married/cohabiting | 54 (42.5%) | |
| Level of education | 129 | |
| Completed primary school | 5 (3.9%) | |
| Completed secondary school | 91 (70.5%) | |
| Completed tertiary education | 33 (25.6%) | |
| Employment status | 130 | |
| Manual work | 32 (24.8%) | |
| Non-manual work | 29 (22.5%) | |
| Unemployed | 33 (25.6%) | |
| Other | 34 (26.4%) | |
| Household inventory | 130 | |
| Low (< 5) | 7 (5.4%) | |
| Medium (5–7) | 101 (77.7%) | |
| High (> 7) | 22 (16.9%) | |
| Behavioural (< 14 weeks) | ||
| Smoking or chewing tobacco/betelnut? | 128 | |
| Yes | 12 (9.4%) | |
| No | 116 (90.6%) | |
| Physical activity levels | ||
| Physical activity (mg) 14–18 weeks gestation | 120 | 12.8 ± 4.1 |
| Physical activity (mg) 29–33 weeks gestation | 90 | 9.7 ± 3.6a |
| Change in physical activity | 81 | -3.1 ± 4.5 |
| Maternal outcomes | ||
| Weight (kg) 29–33 weeks gestation | 108 | 76.4 ± 13.8 |
| Weight gain (kg) 29–33 weeks gestation | 108 | 7.5 ± 4.5 |
| Birth outcomes | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 126 | 36.2 ± 4.6 |
| Gestational age classification | 121 | |
| Premature (< 37 weeks) | 50 (41.3%) | |
| Term (≥ 37 weeks) | 71 (58.7%) | |
| Newborn weight (g) | 120 | 2876.1 ± 647.0 |
| Newborn weight classification | 120 | |
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 30 (25.0%) | |
| Normal (> 2500 g) | 88 (73.3%) | |
| Macrosomia (> 4500 g) | 2 (1.7%) | |
| Newborn weight classification | 118 | |
| Small for gestational age (< 10th percentile) | 16 (13.6%) | |
| Appropriate for gestational age (10th–90th percentile) | 96 (81.4%) | |
| Large for gestational age (> 90th percentile) | 6 (5.1%) | |
| Newborn length (cm) | 119 | 47.2 ± 5.1 |
| Newborn head circumference (cm) | 119 | 34.3 ± 2.8 |
| Ponderal index (g/cm3) | 119 | 2.8 ± 0.8 |
| Apgar score (5 min) | 118 | 9.7 ± 0.7 |
| Pregnancy outcome | 129 | |
| Live born | 100 (77.5%) | |
| Live born, with complications/diagnosed condition | 17 (13.2%) | |
| Antepartum death | 6 (4.7%) | |
| Neonatal death | 6 (4.7%) | |
ap<0.01 for PA 14–18 weeks versus 29–33 weeks (mg, gravity-based acceleration)