Table 3.

Multiple linear regression analysis for the association between maternal physical activity and birth outcomes

Exposure variable	Outcome variable
	Unadjusted model				Adjusted model
	β (95% CI)	SE	p-Value	Adj R2	β (95% CI)	SE	p-Value	Adj R2
Gestational age (weeks)
PA 2nd trimester	1.36 (− 1.31; 4.05)	1.35	0.31	0.01	0.87 (− 1.61; 4.12)a	1.44	0.38	− 0.01
PA 3rd trimester	0.07 (− 0.19; 0.35)	0.13	0.57	− 0.01	0.09 (− 0.14; 0.15)b	0.13	0.57	0.08
Change in PA	− 0.10 (− 0.26; 0.05)	0.08	0.20	0.01	0.08 (− 0.12; 0.30)c	0.10	0.40	0.02
Birth weight (g)
PA 2nd trimester	37.96 (− 362.81; 438.73)	202.18	0.85	− 0.01	99.57 (− 193.99; 393.13)d	147.91	0.50	0.54
PA 3rd trimester	− 2.48 (− 41.53; 36.56)	19.71	0.90	− 0.01	− 7.87 (− 35.84; 20.10)e	14.10	0.57	0.55
Change in PA	− 19.82 (− 47.48; 7.83)	13.88	0.16	0.01	− 16.62 (− 47.97; 14.75)f	15.71	0.29	0.33
Ponderal index (g/cm3)
PA 2nd trimester	− 0.07 (− 0.20; 0.05)	0.06	0.25	0.01	− 0.04 (− 0.17; 0.08)d	0.06	0.51	0.16
PA 3rd trimester	− 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.00)	0.00	0.12	0.01	− 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.00)e	0.00	0.22	0.14
Change in PA	− 0.00 (− 0.01; 0.00)	0.00	0.63	− 0.01	− 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.00)f	0.00	0.32	0.20
Apgar score
PA 2nd trimester	0.26 (− 0.16; 0.70)	0.22	0.22	0.01	0.00 (− 0.02; 0.02)d	0.01	0.97	0.17
PA 3rd trimester	0.00 (− 0.03; 0.04)	0.02	0.80	− 0.01	− 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.03)e	0.01	0.82	0.17
Change in PA	− 0.01 (− 0.03; 0.00)	0.01	0.19	0.01	− 0.00 (− 0.03; 0.02)f	0.01	0.90	− 0.03

^aAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), smoking, education and HIV status

^bAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), smoking, education, HIV status and imputed data

^cAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), smoking, education, HIV status and PA (14–18 weeks)

^dAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), education, HIV status, smoking and gestational age

^eAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), education, HIV status, smoking, gestational age and imputed data

^fAdjusted for maternal age, BMI (< 14 weeks), education, HIV status, smoking, gestational age and PA (14–18 weeks)