Table 3.

Association between ICT use and stress seen from cross-sectional studies and two intervention studies (presented in italics) [40,43].

Authora	Year	Country	Outcome	Exposure	Result
[6] Salanova	2013	Spain	Technostress	Intensity of ICT use and other predictors	Workload, role ambiguity, emotional overload, mobbing (or bullying), obstacles hindering ICT use, lack of autonomy, transformational leadership, social support, ICT use facilitators, and mental competencies predict technostress
[35] Koo	2011	Korea	Technostress	Innovation culture, self-efficacy, task complexity	Self-efficacy and technostress is insignificant related. Task complexity and technostress is positive associated, however, mediated by computer literacy
[36] Tu	2005	China	Technostress	Age, computer literacy, task complexity	Age, task complexity and reward predict nearly all parts of technostress, but computer literacy predicts different scores for technostress with a lesser amount
[37] Fugelseth	2015	Norway	Use of ICT	Technostress (creators)	Factors that create and inhibit technostress affect the intention to use ICT
[38] Jena	2015	India	Techn. performance	Technostress (creators)	Strong association between technical performance and technostress creators
[30] Brown	2014	Canada	Stress	E-mail quantity and quality	High quantity and poor quality of e-mails are positively associated with stress
[41] Eijckelhof	2014	UK	Computer use pattern	Stress	Daily duration of computer use was on average 30 min lower for workers with a high compared to a low level of over-commitment and perceived stress
[39] Day	2012	Canada	Stress	ICT demands and ICT support	ICT demands and ICT support are positively associated with stress
[31] Goldfinch	2011	New Zealand	Stress	ICT use	Results are not shown, but association is postulated in the abstract
[40] Chen	2009	Israel	Stress	5 days ICT use intervention	No association
[43] Torp	2008	Norway	Job stress	Use of IT equipment	In the intervention group there was increase or decrease of stress
[33] Yun	2012	Korea	Stress as work-to-life conflict	Office /home work, work overload, flexibility smartphone use	Workload is significantly related to work-to-life conflict. Flexibility does not affect work-to-life conflict significantly
[45] Rangarajan	2005	Belgium	Stressors	Task complexity	Task complexity is positively associated with the level of stressors (ambiguity and conflict)

^aOnly first author is named.