Table 1.
Analyzed elements with oral exposure primary target organ/system and corresponding U.S. and European reference values for daily oral intake.
| Element | Primary target organ/system | Reference values for daily oral intake (foodstuffs and medicines) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDA | USP | SWDTEA | EFSA | JECFA | ||
| Provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) for adult women (mg/day) | Oral permissible daily exposure (PDE) for drug products based on a 50 kg person (mg/day) | No significant risk level (NSRL) for carcinogens or maximum allowable dose level (MADL) for reproductive toxicants (mg/day) | Tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (mg/kg body weight/week) | Provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) (mg/kg body weight/week) | ||
| Ag | Skin, nervouse, cardiovasculare | – | 0.15 | – | – | – |
| As | Skin, nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic. Carcinogenic to humans (Group 1 IARC) | – | 0.015a | 0.01a,d | – | – |
| Ba | Hematologic, gastrointestinal, renale | – | 1.4 | – | – | |
| Cd | Renal, skeletal, gastrointestinal, hepaticCarcinogenic to humans (Group 1 IARC) | – | 0.005 | 0.0041 | 0.0025 | 0.0058 |
| Cr | Gastrointestinal, immunologic, hematologice, reproductiveeCarcinogenic to humansb (Group 1 IARC) | – | 11.0 | 0.0082b | – | |
| Hg | Renal, central nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, musculoskeletal, hepatic, endocrine e | – | 0.03a | 0.004a | 0.004a | |
| 0.0013c | 0.0016c | |||||
| Ni | Gastrointestinal, nervous, cardiovascular, hematologice reproductivee, renaleCarcinogenic to humans (Group 1 IARC) | – | 0.2 | – | 0.0028f | – |
| Pb | Nervous, renal, hematologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, reproductive, skeletal, developmental | 0.075 | 0.005 | 0.015 | – | – |
| Sb | Gastrointestinal, hepatice, hematologice | – | 1.2 | – | 0.04g | – |
Abbreviations: FDA – US Food and Drug Administration; USP – United States Pharmacopeial Convention; SDWTEA – Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (California Proposition 65); EFSA – European Food Safety Authority; JECFA – Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Committee on Food Additives; IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer.
a
Inorganic compounds.
b
Hexavalent compounds.
c
Methylmercury
d
All routes of exposure except inhalation.
e
In animal models.
f
Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) (mg/kg body).
g
Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) (mg/kg food/day).