Table 1.
Comparison of demographic characteristics of participants of the EMPIRIC study before and after matching by immigration status including the significance of covariates
| Characteristics | Before matching (n = 4281) | After matching (n = 3224) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-immigrants (n = 2212) | Immigrants (n = 2069) | Standardised difference | Sig (<0.05) | Non-immigrants (n = 1612) | Immigrants (n = 1612) | Standardised difference | Sig (<0.05) | ||
| Gender (%) | ns | ns | |||||||
| Male | 985 (44.53) | 956 (46.21) | 0.09 | 625 (38.77) | 760 (47.15) | 0.17 | |||
| Female | 1227 (55.47) | 1113 (53.79) | 0.09 | 987 (61.23) | 852 (52.85) | 0.17 | |||
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||||
| Banded age (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| 16 to 34 years | 1087 (49.14) | 560 (27.07) | 0.50 | 406 (25.19) | 443 (27.48) | 0.05 | |||
| 35 to 54 years | 809 (36.57) | 913 (44.13) | 0.25 | 884 (54.84) | 736 (45.66) | 0.18 | |||
| 55 to 74 years | 316 (14.29) | 596 (28.81) | 0.29 | 322 (19.98) | 433 (26.86) | 0.16 | |||
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||||
| Social classa (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| I | 148 (6.69) | 115 (5.56) | 0.02 | 59 (3.66) | 94 (5.83) | 0.10 | |||
| II | 621 (28.07) | 346 (16.72) | 0.28 | 304 (18.86) | 260 (16.13) | 0.07 | |||
| III non manual | 280 (12.66) | 183 (8.84) | 0.14 | 67 (4.16) | 149 (9.24) | 0.21 | |||
| III manual | 614 (27.76) | 636 (30.74) | 0.06 | 417 (25.87) | 498 (30.89) | 0.11 | |||
| IV | 380 (17.18) | 524 (25.33) | 0.23 | 564 (34.99) | 426 (26.43) | 0.19 | |||
| V | 77 (3.48) | 100 (4.83) | 0.06 | 81 (5.02) | 79 (4.90) | 0.01 | |||
| Other/never worked | 67 (3.03) | 125 (6.04) | 0.13 | 120 (7.44) | 106 (6.58) | 0.03 | |||
| Missing | 25 (1.13) | 40 (1.93) | |||||||
| Legal marital status (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 988 (44.67) | 1515 (73.22) | 0.66 | 1240 (76.92) | 1217 (75.50) | 0.03 | |||
| Single | 865 (39.10) | 240 (11.60) | 0.84 | 154 (9.55) | 169 (10.48) | 0.03 | |||
| Separated | 71 (3.21) | 101 (4.88) | 0.14 | 33 (2.05) | 77 (4.78) | 0.15 | |||
| Divorced | 123 (5.56) | 92 (4.45) | 0.03 | 109 (6.76) | 75 (4.65) | 0.09 | |||
| Widowed | 50 (2.26) | 105 (5.07) | 0.11 | 76 (4.71) | 74 (4.59) | 0.01 | |||
| Missing | 115 (5.20) | 16 (0.77) | |||||||
| Highest qualification (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| NVQ4-5/degree or equiv | 294 (13.29) | 272 (13.15) | 0.00 | 221 (13.71) | 216 (13.40) | 0.05 | |||
| Higher ed below degree | 263 (11.89) | 148 (7.15) | 0.19 | 92 (5.71) | 108 (6.70) | 0.11 | |||
| NVQ3/A-level equiv | 306 (13.83) | 138 (6.67) | 0.30 | 69 (4.28) | 100 (6.20) | 0.02 | |||
| NVQ2/O-level equiv | 605 (27.35) | 309 (14.93) | 0.34 | 220 (13.65) | 239 (14.83) | 0.04 | |||
| NVQ1/CSE or other equiv | 114 (5.15) | 67 (3.24) | 0.13 | 74 (4.59) | 52 (3.23) | 0.02 | |||
| Foreign qual or other | 90 (2.71) | 103 (4.98) | 0.11 | 59 (3.66) | 77 (4.78) | 0.06 | |||
| No qualifications | 455 (20.57) | 1015 (49.06) | 0.63 | 877 (54.40) | 820 (50.87) | 0.07 | |||
| Missing | 115 (5.20) | 17 (0.82) | |||||||
| Religious or spiritual beliefs (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| Religious | 1172 (52.98) | 1790 (86.52) | 0.82 | 1327 (82.32) | 1423 (88.28) | 0.17 | |||
| Spiritual | 404 (18.26) | 156 (7.54) | 0.32 | 162 (10.05) | 120 (7.44) | 0.09 | |||
| Neither | 624 (28.21) | 120 (5.80) | 0.69 | 123 (7.63) | 69 (4.28) | 0.14 | |||
| Missing | 12 (0.54) | 3 (0.14) | |||||||
| Ethnic groupb (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| White | 835 (37.75) | 2 (0.10) | 1.39 | 4 (0.25) | 2 (0.12) | 0.03 | |||
| Black-caribbean | 363 (16.41) | 331 (16.00) | 0.04 | 253 (15.69) | 305 (18.92) | 0.09 | |||
| Indian | 180 (8.14) | 463 (22.38) | 0.44 | 407 (25.25) | 428 (26.55) | 0.03 | |||
| Pakistani | 262 (11.84) | 462 (22.33) | 0.26 | 353 (21.90) | 404 (25.06) | 0.08 | |||
| Bangladeshi | 104 (4.70) | 546 (26.39) | 0.68 | 595 (36.91) | 473 (29.34) | 0.16 | |||
| Missing | 468 (22.16) | 265 (12.81) | |||||||
| Chronic strain score (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| 0 | 542 (24.50) | 484 (23.39) | 0.05 | 399 (24.75) | 363 (22.52) | 0.05 | |||
| 1 | 744 (33.63) | 553 (26.73) | 0.17 | 348 (21.59) | 421 (26.12) | 0.11 | |||
| 2 | 425 (19.21) | 404 (19.53) | 0.05 | 340 (21.09) | 325 (20.16) | 0.02 | |||
| 3 | 279 (12.61) | 326 (15.76) | 0.08 | 287 (17.80) | 263 (16.32) | 0.04 | |||
| 4 | 149 (6.74) | 240 (11.60) | 0.10 | 212 (13.15) | 200 (12.41) | 0.02 | |||
| 5 | 56 (2.53) | 52 (2.51) | 0.02 | 26 (1.61) | 40 (2.48) | 0.06 | |||
| Missing | 17 (0.77) | 10 (0.48) | |||||||
| Physically attacked in last year (%) | <0.01 | ns | |||||||
| Yes | 124 (5.61) | 71 (3.43) | 0.09 | 45 (2.79) | 55 (3.41) | 0.04 | |||
| No | 2086 (94.30) | 1998 (96.57) | 0.09 | 1567 (97.21) | 1557 (96.59) | 0.04 | |||
| Missing | 2 (0.09) | 0 (0.00) | |||||||
| Regular contact with friends (%) | <0.001 | ns | |||||||
| Yes | 2024 (91.50) | 1739 (84.05) | 0.23 | 1308 (81.14) | 1351 (83.81) | 0.07 | |||
| No | 188 (8.50) | 330 (15.95) | 0.23 | 304 (18.86) | 261 (16.19) | 0.07 | |||
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||||
| Median no. of people close to (IQR)* | 5 (3) | 5 (8) | 0.17 | <0.001 | 4 (5) | 5 (8) | 0.11 | <0.05 | |
| Median SF-12 Physical health score (IQR)* | 54.21 (7.40) | 50.59 (13.45) | 0.44 | <0.001 | 51.28 (15.73) | 50.41 (13.45) | 0.07 | ns | |
a Registrar General’s social classification scheme (28)
b Self-defined using the Census classification system (29)
* Continuous outcome described as median and (interquartile range)