Table 1.

Synthesis of emerging screening criteria proposed over the past 40 years.

Adapted from Andermann et al. [9]

Unmet needs

The screening program should respond to a recognized need

The objectives of screening should be defined at the outset

Scientific evidence

There should be a defined target population

There should be scientific evidence of screening program effectiveness

Quality assurance and implementation

The program should integrate education, testing, clinical services and program management

There should be quality assurance, with mechanisms to minimize potential risks of screening

Program evaluation should be planned from the outset

Patient consideration

The program should ensure informed choice, confidentiality and respect for autonomy

The program should promote equity and access to screening for the entire target population

Data derived evidence that benefits outweigh harm

The overall benefits of screening should outweigh the harm.