Table 1.

Concentration of germanium in various groundwater, including bottled waters

Water type, location, water sample sizes	Range (µg/L)	Median (µg/L)	Data source
Thermal water, Vichy, France (N = 1)	25	–	Bardet (1914)
Thermal water, Senami, Japan (N = 1)	30	–	Kuroda (1939)
Thermal water, Beppu, Japan (N = 24)	< 2–150	–	Kawakami et al. (1956)
Thermal spring waters, USA and Iceland (N = 7)	< 10–40	–	El Wardani (1957)
Thermal waters, Hokkaido and Honshu islands, Japan (N = 84)	0.4–43.3	7.8	Uzumasa et al. (1959)
Thermal waters, New Zealand (N = 38)	1–128	52.5	Koga (1967)
Carbonate thermal waters, Pamir and Caucasus mountains (N = 16)	12–140	32.5	Kraynov (1967)
Groundwaters of ore deposits, USSR (N = 26)	0.5–48	3.0	Goleva and Vorobjeva (1967)
Mineral (Na-HCO3-Cl) waters and Na-Cl saline waters, oil deposits, USSR (N = 36)	0.3–8.5	3.25	Nuriev et al. (1968)
Thermal waters, Vosges, France (N = 8)	< 0.5–15.4	–	Gijbels et al. (1983)
Thermal waters, Iceland (N = 132)	0.5–52.5	6.1	Arnórsson (1984)
Thermal waters, Vals Les Bains and Vichy, Massif Central, France (N = 35)	0.5–47.9	13.1	Criaud and Fouillac (1986)
Mineral waters, deep gold mines, South Africa (N = 12)	< 0.05–276	–	Duane et al. (1997)
Thermal spring waters, Baikal area (N = 4)	0.98–9.81	–	Kenison Falkner et al. (1997)
Groundwater (fresh) in crystalline bedrocks, Norway (N = 476)	< 0.002–1.5	0.017	Frengstad et al. (2000)
Thermal waters, Iceland (N = 88)	0.001–23.6	2.66	Elmi (2009)
European bottled waters (only waters with Ge concentration ≥ DL) (N = 882)	0.03–110	0.09	Reimann and Birke (2010)
Thermal spring waters, Lesvos Island, Greece (N = 6)	< DL–13	–	Tziritis and Kelepertzis (2011)
Fresh and mineral groundwaters, Bieszczady Mountains, Poland (N = 23)	0.08–35.8	7.5	Dobrzyński et al. (2011)
CO2-rich and thermal curative waters, the Sudetes Mountains, Poland (N = 33)	0.025–10.62	1.01	This study