Table 5.

Summaries of representative articles in section “Towards Modulating Brain Function with Ultrasound to Treat Pain”

Article	Model	US parameters	Result/conclusion
Kamimura et al 2016 [57]	In vivo Mice strain C57BL-6	1.9 MHz Pulse rep freq of 1 kHz 50% duty cycle (950 pulses) On 1 s, off 1 s, ten times	Muscle movement at 1.9 MHz Pupil dilation at 1.2 MPa Pupil dilation at > 1.8 MPa
Airan et al 2017 [66]	In vivo Fischer 344 rats	1 MHz 0.5-Hz bursts for 2 min	Decrease in EEG at 1.0 and 1.5 MPA
Tufail et al 2010 [48]	In vivo Anesthetized mice	Pulses between 80 and 225 acoustic cycles per pulse of 0.16–0.57 ms Pulse repetition frequencies between 1.2 and 3.0 kHzSpatial-peak temporal-average intensities (ISPTA) of 21–163 mW/cm2	Motor cortex activation; Tail twitches and EMG activity in the lumbo sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscle; EMG response in the contralateral triceps brachii muscle
King et al 2013 [49]	In vivo CBL-7 mice	500 kHz Bandwidth of 340 to 650 kHz Ultrasound intensities from 0.01 to 79.02 W/cm2 (0.03 to 1.11 MPa) 20 to 480 ms	Brain activation from ultrasound can occur for ultrasound frequencies between 250 and 500 kHz.
Mehic et al 2014 [56]	In vivo C57BL/6 mice	88 bursts of 500-kHz ultrasound Length 200 μs Pulse repetition frequency of 1.5 kHz in a 1-s interval ISPTA = 5.25 W/cm2	Production of tail movement, unilateral and bilateral movement of legs and whiskers correlated with small O (1 mm) lateral movement of iFU focus.
Tyler et al. 2008 [47]	Hippocampus slice cultures of mice brain	Low-frequency US (0.44–0.67 MHz) Spatial-peak pulse-average intensity (ISPPA) = 2.9 W/cm2	Brain activation at 500 kHz via EEG.