| Lung |
2–5 nm, An |
Mice |
8.88 mg m–3
|
INH |
4 h d–1 for 10 d |
Macrophages↑ in BALF, pneumonia |
45
|
| 19–21 nm, Ru |
Mice |
0.1 or 0.5 mg |
I.t. |
3 d, 1 w, 2 w |
Emphysema & apop. |
46
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.t. |
90 d |
Pulmonary OS, infla. |
47
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
10 |
I.t. |
15–90 d |
Lung OS, edema, infla., apop., Nrf2↑ |
48
|
| Si-Coated |
Mice |
10 mg m–3
|
INH |
2 h, 2 h/4 d for 4 w |
Pulmonary neutrophilia & infla. |
49
|
| 21 nm, An/Ru |
Rats |
5 |
I.t. |
Up to 90 d |
Innate immune & lymphocytes↑ |
50
|
| 18 nm, An/Ru |
Rats |
15, 30, 60 & 70 |
I.p. |
21 d |
Lung pathologic damage, OS |
51
|
| |
| Liver, stomach and intestine |
5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 10, 50, 100 & 150 |
I.p. |
14 d |
Liver pathologic damage, infla., apop., dysfunction |
52
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
62.5, 125 & 250 |
I.g. |
30 d |
Liver dysfunction, coagulation & immune system damage |
53
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 10 & 50 |
I.g. |
60 d |
Liver pathologic damage, OS, infla., apop., dysfunction |
54, 55
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d or 6 m |
Hepatic infla., apop., changes in gene expression, liver dysfunction |
56, 57
|
| 50.4 ± 5.6 nm (TEM), An |
Rats |
63, 126 & 252 mg |
I.p. |
24 & 48 h |
Liver ROS release, hepatocytes atrophy, apop. & necrosis |
58
|
| — |
Rats |
Up to 10 |
I.g. |
28 d |
Changes of protein spots, proteins expression↑ in liver microsomes |
59
|
| 21 nm, An |
Mice |
150 |
Oral |
2 w |
Liver dysfunction, infla., apop., DNA damage |
60
|
| 75 ± 15 nm (TEM), An |
Rats |
10, 50 & 200 |
Oral |
30 d |
Liver edema, non-allergic mast cell↑ in stomach; intestinal permeability & Mo contents↓ |
62
|
| 43 nm, An/Ru |
Mice |
5, 50 & 500 |
Oral |
5 d |
OS, infla., apop., chronic gastritis |
63
|
| 36.15 nm, An |
Rats |
50, 100 & 150 |
I.h. |
28 d |
Liver toxicity, OS, apop., steatosis, necrosis, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis |
64
|
| |
| Kidney |
50 & 120 nm |
Mice |
5000 |
Oral |
7 d |
Kidney toxicity, oxidative damages |
65
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 10, 50, 100 & 150 |
I.p. |
14 d |
Kidney pathologic changes, OS, dysfunction & nephritis |
66
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
Renal OS, peroxidation of lipid, protein and DNA, GSH depletion, nephritis, dysfunction, vital gene expression changed |
67, 68
|
| — |
Mice |
0.1, 0.25 & 0.5 mg |
I.t. |
4 w |
ROS/RNS release, renal fibrosis |
69
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
1.25, 2.5 & 5 |
I.g. |
9 m |
Renal fibrosis associated with infla. & Wnt pathway↑ |
70
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
6 m |
Renal infla. & fibrosis |
71
|
| |
| Spleen |
5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 50 & 150 |
I.p. |
45 d |
Splenic pathologic changes, ROS↑, apop. |
72
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 50 & 150 |
I.g. |
30 d |
Spleen OS, immune capacity↓, p38-Nrf-2 pathway↑ |
73
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
Spleen infla., apop., immune dysfunction, related gene expression changed |
74–76
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
10 |
I.g. |
15–90 d |
Splenic ROS release, infla. |
77
|
| 21 nm, An/Ru |
Rats |
0.5, 4 & 32 |
I.t. |
Twice per w, 4 w |
Spleen immunocyte activity↑, number of B cells↑ in blood |
78
|
| <25 or 100 nm |
Mice |
— |
I.p. |
Once per d, 7–28 d |
Tumor growth↑ involving in immunomodulation |
79
|
| 21 nm, An/Ru |
Rats |
Up to 0.168 mg |
INH |
Up to 70 d |
Immune response |
80
|
| 10–25 nm, An |
Mice |
4, 40 or 400 mg l–1
|
I.h. |
1, 2 & 5 d |
Dermal sensitization potency of DNCB↑ |
81
|
| 15, 50 or 100 nm |
Mice |
— |
I.d. |
— |
AD-like skin lesions↑ under skin barrier damage conditions |
82
|
| |
| Brain and hippocampus |
21 nm, An/Ru |
Mice |
1 mg |
I.p. |
2, 6 or 24 h |
ROS, microglia & infla.↑ in septic brain |
83
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 10, 50, 100 & 150 |
I.p. |
14 d |
Pathological changes, OS & lipid peroxidation in brain |
84
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
5, 10 & 50 |
I.g. |
60 d |
Disturbance of the homeostasis of trace elements, enzymes and neurotransmitter systems in brain; accumulated NPs, ROS and apop. in hippocampus; damaged spatial recognition memory in mice |
85, 86
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
Spatial recognition impairment, LTP↓, infla. in hippocampus |
87, 88
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.n. |
90 d |
Overproliferation of glial cells, OS, apop., p38-Nrf-2 pathway↑, gene expression changed in brain |
2, 89
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
1.25, 2.5 & 5 |
I.n. |
6 or 9 m |
Neurotoxicity, dysfunction of glutamate metabolism; impaired NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic signaling cascade |
90, 91
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
0.25, 0.5 & 1 |
I.n. |
9 m |
Neuroinfla., impaired neurotrophin-mediated signaling pathways |
92
|
| <25 or 10 nm, An |
Rats |
100 |
I.g. |
2–21 GD |
Hippocampal cell proliferation↓ & synaptic plasticity was affected, impaired learning and memory in rat offspring |
93, 94
|
| 5 nm, An |
Rats |
1000 mg l–1
|
I.h. |
6, 9, 12, 15 & 18 GD |
Oxidative damage to nucleic acids and lipids in the brain of newborn rats, enhanced the depressive-like behaviors during adulthood |
95
|
| |
| Heart and vessel |
5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
Cardiac OS, sparse muscle fibers, infla., biochemical dysfunction |
96
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
1.25, 2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d, 180 d |
Cardiac infla. |
97, 98
|
| Rod-like, Ru |
Rats |
0.5, 5 & 50 |
I.m. I.p. |
48 h |
Heart dysfunction under OS |
99
|
| — |
Mice |
18 or 162 μg |
I.t. |
24 h |
Heart complement cascade, infla. & complement factor 3 in blood ↑ |
100
|
| 21 nm, P25 |
Rat |
4,6,10,19 & 38 μg |
INH |
24 h |
Arteriolar constrictions, impaired vasodilator responses |
101
|
| 21 nm, P25 |
Rats |
10 μg |
INH |
24 h |
Microvascular OS, damage of vasoreactivity in artery |
102–104
|
| 100 nm |
Rats |
1.5 to 16 mg m–3
|
INH |
24 h |
Microvascular OS, infla., systemic microvascular dysfunction |
105
|
| 21 nm, P25 |
Rats |
4–90 μ |
IN |
24 |
Microvascular OS, nitrosative stress & dysfunction |
106
|
| 21.6 nm, Ru |
Mice |
0.5 |
I.t. |
2 & 26 h or once per w for 4 w |
Modest effects on vasodilatory function & atherosclerotic plaque progression in aorta |
107
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
1.25, 2.5 & 5 |
I.n. |
9 m |
Altered serum parameters & atherogenesis related to pneumonia |
108
|
| 25–35 nm |
Rats |
2 |
I.t. |
4 h |
Cardiac conduction velocity, tissue excitability ↑, arrhythmias |
109
|
| 5–10 nm, An |
Mice |
10, 50 & 100 μg |
I.t. |
6 w |
Systemic infla., endothelial & lipid metabolism dysfunction, atherosclerosis |
110
|
| |
| Ovary and testis |
5 nm, An |
Mice |
2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
Altered hematological, serum parameters and sex hormone levels, atretic follicle↑, ovary infla. & necrosis, fertility↓ |
111
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
10 |
I.g. |
90 d |
OS, ovary damage & dysfunction, regulation of key ovarian genes |
112
|
| 25 nm, An |
Mice |
10, 50 or 250 |
Oral |
28–70 PND |
Spermatogenesis & serum testosterone↓ |
113
|
| 5 nm, An |
Mice |
1.25, 2.5, 5 & 10 |
I.g. |
90 d, 180 d, 270 d |
Sperm malformations, testis damage, altered levels of serum sex hormone & gene expressions; oxidative damage & apop. |
114–117
|
| 21 nm |
Rats |
5, 25 & 50 |
I.v. |
30 d |
OS, sperm count & testosterone activity↓, apop. |
118
|
| An |
Rats |
1 & 2 |
Oral |
5 d |
Ovarian granulose, changed levels of testosterone |
119
|
| 5–25 nm, An |
Rats |
Up to 100 |
I.g. I.h. |
2–21 GD |
Reproductive toxicity |
93–96
|
