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. 2017 Dec 1;6(12):e17103. doi: 10.1038/lsa.2017.103

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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All-optical ultrasound imaging from the right atrium (RA) with depth scans shown longitudinally in time for M-mode imaging (a). The needle was pointed anteriorly and was initially held against the RA wall (vertical bars). Slight retraction was performed (>12 s), and pulsations of the RA wall became apparent (0.1–0.3 cm in depth from the needle tip). As mechanical ventilation was performed (diagonal bars), the resulting cardiac shifts produced changes in the apparent thickness of the RA wall. Right atrial appendage infolding and motion was visible beyond the RA wall. Conventional X-ray fluoroscopy imaging was performed concurrently (b).