Table 2. Distribution of groups of infection and pathogens detected among febrile patients (N = 682).
| Pathogens | Overall n = 682 (%) |
<5 years n = 266 (%) | 5–14 years n = 163 (%) |
15–24 years n = 124 (%) |
25–49 years n = 108 (%) |
≥50 n = 21 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No pathogen detected | 406 (59.5) | 148 (55.6) | 91 (55.8) | 76 (61.3) | 78 (72.2) | 13 (61.9) |
| Malaria (RDT) | 116 (17.0) | 32 (12.0) | 38 (23.3) | 28 (22.6) | 13 (12.0) | 5 (23.8) |
| Virus infections1 | 181 (26.5) | 97 (36.5) | 42 (25.8) | 21 (16.9) | 17 (15.8) | 4 (19.1) |
| HRV | 59 (8.7) | 31 (11.7)* | 12 (7.4) | 11 (8.9) | 5 (4.6) | - |
| IAV/IBV | 57 (8.4) | 18 (6.8) | 21 (12.9) | 11 (8.9) | 6 (5.6) | 1 (4.8) |
| EBV | 44 (6.5) | 29 (10.9)* | 6 (3.7) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (3.7) | 4 (19.1) |
| RSV | 26 (3.8) | 22 (8.3)* | 4 (2.5) | - | - | - |
| HBV | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.9) | - |
| AdV | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.8) | - | - | - | - |
| CMV | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | - | - | - | - |
| HAV | 1 (0.2) | - | - | - | 1 (0.9) | - |
| RVFV | 1 (0.2) | - | 1 (0.6) | - | - | - |
| VZV | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | - | - | - | - |
| HIV3 | 1 (0.2)3 | - | - | - | 1 (1.1)3 | - |
| Bacterial infections | 7 (1.0) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (4.8) |
| M. tuberculosis2 | 4 (0.6) | - | - | - | 3 (2.8) | 1 (4.8) |
| Leptospira spp. | 1 (0.2) | - | - | 1 (0.8) | - | - |
| N. meningitidis | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | - | - | - |
Abbreviations: RDT = Rapid diagnostic Test; HRV = Human Rhinoviruses; IAV/IBV = Influenza viruses A and B; EBV = Epstein-Barr virus; RSV = Respiratory Syncytial Virus; HBV = Hepatitis B virus; ADV = Adenovirus; CMV = Cytomegalovirus; HAV = Hepatitis A virus; RVFV = Rift Valley Fever virus; VZV = Varicella Zoster virus; HIV = Human Immunodeficiency virus.
1 HRV, IAV/IVB and RSV were detected from respiratory specimens. EBV, HBV, ADV, CMV, HAV, RVFV and VZV were detected from blood specimens.
2 We only tested patient presenting with cough (n = 23) assuming that patients without cough are non-tuberculosis cases.
3 Due to unavailability of rapid test for HIV at the beginning of the study, patients in Antananarivo couldn’t be screened for HIV; A total of 15 patients refused HIV screening. Thus we screened 625 patients including 91 adults aged 25–49 years for HIV and this number was taken as denominator in the calculation of the positivity rate.
* p-value<0.05