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. 2017 Feb 24;6(2):e16207. doi: 10.1038/lsa.2016.207

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

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Illustration of unconventional and conventional polarization-multiplexed schemes in relative distribution and the Stokes space. (a) DPSK signal multiplexing with two non-orthogonal polarizations, three polarizations and four polarizations. (b) Conventional polarization-multiplexed schemes of three different standard modulation formats, including PDM-DPSK, PDM-QPSK and PDM-8QAM.