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. 2017 Aug 25;6(8):e17038. doi: 10.1038/lsa.2017.38

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

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Schematic principle of KPFM. The Ag nanoparticles on the GaN substrate were characterized using KPFM. The laser beam illuminating the tip is reflected to the photodetector, and the amplitude signal is detected. The AC bias is an oscillator signal used to allow the tip to oscillate at its resonance frequency. The DC bias is used to adjust the amplitude of the oscillation to zero as the lock-in signal. In addition, an external UV LED is used to detect the difference in surface potential without and with UV illumination.