Table 2. Human pharmacokinetic data of phytoestrogens in healthy humans upon supplement intake, unless mentioned otherwise.

Phytoestrogen	Subjects	Dosing	C max (average)	C max (peak)	T max	Ref.
8-PN	Postmenopausal women	750 mg, single oral dose	0.07 μM	0.2 μM	1.5 h	25
	Premenopausal women	0.1 mg, oral intake three times per day for 5 days (soy milk)	0.43–7.06 nM		NA	31
			Breast tissue: 0.78–4.83 pmol g–1
Biochanin A	Male/female volunteers	Promensil red clover extract containing 49 mg biochanin A, daily oral dose for 2 weeks	0.2 μM	0.3 μM	3.6 h	33
Daidzein	Premenopausal women	50 mg, single oral dose	0.76 μM	0.88 μM	6 h	23
	Premenopausal women	5–10 mg, oral intake three times per day for 5 days	0.1–1.4 μM		NA	17
			Breast tissue: 22.2 to 770.8 pmol g–1
Genistein	Premenopausal women	50 mg, single oral dose	1.26 μM	1.52 μM	9 h	23
	Premenopausal women	5–10 mg, oral intake three times per day for 5 days	0.14–2.8 μM		NA	17
			Breast tissue: 92.3–493.8 pmol g–1
Naringenin	Male/female volunteers	200 mg, single oral dose (grapefruit juice)	6.0 μM	11.4 μM	4.8 h	34
	Male/female volunteers	135 mg, single oral dose	7.4 μM	10.2 μM	4 h	35
Resveratrol	Male/female volunteers	500 mg, single oral dose	0.3 μM	0.5 μM	1.3 h	36
	Male/female volunteers	150 mg, six times per day for 13 doses	0.3 μM	0.45 μM	0.8 h	26
	Male/female volunteers	5 g, single oral dose	2.4 μM	4 μM	1.5 h	37
Quercetin	Male/female volunteers	500 mg, three times daily for a week	0.05 μM	0.13 μM	3 h	18
	Male/female volunteers	500 mg, single oral intake (chews)	3.5 μM	9.4 μM	3.3 h	38