Fig. 5. The cyto-protection of l-glutathione (GSH), Ola (olaparib) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against SM challenge, respectively, in HEK-f cells (A and B) and HDF-a cells (C and D). Cellular phenotypic assays were carried out after SM treatment for 48 h, and the test compounds were added to the cells 1 h before the SM challenge. The nucleus was stained with Hoechst 33342, MnSOD was stained with MnSOD antibody and an Alexa Fluor 546–labeled secondary antibody, and MMP was stained with MitoTracker Red. All the results of cellular parameters derived from specific cellular fluorescence images were normalized and expressed as percentage changes of the control. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). All experiments were performed in triplicate, with no less than 200 cells per well. A measured difference of 3 SDs was considered a significant change.