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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Endocr Res. 2018 Mar 9;43(3):155–165. doi: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1441868

a: Expression of osteoblastic gene markers

For each group, plot mRNA levels relative to the housekeeping gene (GAPDH). Error bars are from +/− the SEM about the mean delta Ct.

Horizontal brackets indicate p <= 0.05 for the comparison of mRNA values (relative to GAPDH) between the two groups pointed to by the ends of each bracket.

Young normal glucose tolerant (NGTY); post-menopausal normal glucose tolerant (NGT); post-menopausal impaired glucose tolerant (IGT); post-menopausal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); osteocalcin (OC); runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1)

b: Alizarin Red staining

Note: well plates photographed at 10× magnification

a: Expression of osteoblastic gene markers

For each group, plot mRNA levels relative to the housekeeping gene (GAPDH). Error bars are from +/− the SEM about the mean delta Ct.

Horizontal brackets indicate p <= 0.05 for the comparison of mRNA values (relative to GAPDH) between the two groups pointed to by the ends of each bracket.

Young normal glucose tolerant (NGTY); post-menopausal normal glucose tolerant (NGT); post-menopausal impaired glucose tolerant (IGT); post-menopausal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); osteocalcin (OC); runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1)

b: Alizarin Red staining

Note: well plates photographed at 10× magnification