Table 1:

Characteristics of study participants

	NGTY (n=10)	NGT (n=10)	IGT (n=10)	T2DM (n=10)
Age (years)	37.1 ± 4.3^*	66 ± 3.1	68.9 ± 4.1	68 ± 4.0
BMI (kg/m²)	25.8 ± 7.3	31.3 ± 4.5	29.1 ± 5.1	33.0 ± 8.2
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	32 ± 11.7	33.9 ± 10.0	36.3 ± 13.6	25.9 ± 12.6
Calcium (mg/dL)	9.3 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.3	9.6 ± 0.3	9.5 ± 0.4
GFR (mL/min)	121.4 ± 28.9^*	85.7 ± 21.5	82.7 ± 28.5	81.7 ± 20.8
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	87.3 ± 6.3	93.8 ± 9.2	99.4 ± 10.8	167.7 ± 62.3^*
2h glucose (mg/dL)	97 ± 25.2	99.9 ± 19.0	170.3 ± 24.6^*	-
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.4	6.0 ± 0.3	8.1 ± 1.9^*
HOMA-IR	1.5 ± 1.8	1.5 ± 1.6	1.6 ± 1.5	21.1 ± 20.0^*
Insulin (μU/mL)	6.9 ± 5.9	6.4 ± 5.3	6.2 ± 5.1	54.2 ± 14.0^*
BMD spine (g/cm²)	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.2
BMD total hip (g/cm²)	1.1 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1
BMD femoral neck(g/cm²)	1.1 ± 0.1^*	0.9 ± 0.07	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1
Leptin (ng/mL)	24.8 ± 33.7	28.7 ± 21.4	34.7 ± 12.7	34.7 ± 31.2
Adiponectin (ug/mL)	9215.1 ± 6906.5	9588.8 ± 5750.3	6361.0 ± 3995.2	11497.0 ± 7938.2
Sclerostin (ng/mL)	0.8 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.2
Undercarboxylated OC (ng/mL)	4.2 ± 2.0	6.0 ± 4.2	6.3 ± 4.7	7.8 ± 5.7
C-telopeptides (ng/mL)	0.6 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.2
P1NP (ng/mL)	87.9 ± 37.7	67.4 ± 29.1	82.9 ± 56.9	51.5 ± 16.8
BAP (ug/L)	16.9 ± 10.1	20.8 ± 7.9	20.4 ± 10.0	13.6 ± 4.7
FGF-23 (pg/mL)	3.5 ± 0.1	4.7 ± 3.0	5.6 ± 6.0	4.8 ± 6.1
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	157.9 ± 44.5^*	109 ± 36.5	119.9 ± 20.1	108.8 ± 26.5
CRP (mg/L)	1.4 ± 3.4	2.1 ± 2.6	2.0 ± 2.0	3.4 ± 3.2

Values are reported as the mean ± SD, HOMA index (IR) = (fasting glucose mg/dL × fasting insulin (mU/L) /405) Body mass index (BMI); Glomerular filtration rate (GFR); homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); Bone mineral density (BMD); osteocalcin (OC); total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP); Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP); fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23); Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); C-reactive protein (CRP)

significantly different from all other groups, p ≤ 0.05