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. 2018 Jul 20;9:864. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00864

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Copyright © 2018 Li, Wu, Gao, Yang, Yang and Shen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The diagram of potential mechanisms of RR in EAE treatment. In multiple sclerosis (MS), macrophage is activated by bacteria or viruses or other environmental stimuli, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and free radicals via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Produced ROS/RNS directly destruct the structure of myelin sheath and neurons. On the one hand, in our study, RR could directly scavenge ONOO⁻, a representative RNS. On the other hand, RR also suppressed the production of ONOO⁻ though inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.