Fig. 7.

Non-integrative methods using plasmids, sendaiviruses, or RNA delivery. Non-integrative methods (DNA- or RNA-based) have been developed to overcome the increased risk of genomic instability and gene expression modifications encountered with integrative methods. When RNA-based, the mRNA is delivered without reverse transcriptase and is directly translated into proteins. The RNA can be delivered directly or using viruses. The DNA can also be directly delivered to the target cells in a form of self-replicating plasmid that will not integrate the host cell genome. The plasmid is then transcribed to mRNA for translation to proteins. O Oct3/4, S Sox2, K Klf4, M c-Myc