Fig. 8.

Direct reprogramming using transcription factors or small molecules. To avoid the use of genetic material, fibroblasts can also be reprogrammed by the excessive delivery of OSKM factors in their protein form. The method consists of the incubation of fibroblasts with a large amount of OSKM factors and their internalization by forced endocytosis. The factors then bind to DNA and directly induce the reprogramming of the target cells. The use of small molecules and chemical compounds during the reprogramming process could significantly improve the efficiency of the reprogramming process