Table 2. Identified sulfated metabolites derived from microbial metabolism and link to disease development.31–36 .

Microbial metabolite	Link to disease
Indoxyl sulfate (1)	Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
p-Cresyl sulfate (2)	Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
Ferulic acid 4-sulfate (3)	Thrombosis and artherosclerosis prevention
Caffeic acid 4-sulfate (14)	Alzheimer disease
Vanillic acid 4-sulfate (15)	Parkinson disease
3-Hydroxyphenyl-propionic acid sulfate (16)	Parkinson disease
4-Ethylphenyl sulfate (17)	Autism