Table 1.
Baseline demographic and neuropsychological evaluations of participants
| Characteristics | CrExp group (n=48) | CG (n=45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), range/mean (SD) | 60–85/70.6 (6.9) | 60–85/69.5 (6.7) | 0.816a |
| Gender, n (%), female/male | 25 (52.1)/23 (47.9) | 23 (51.1)/22 (48.9) | 0.253c |
| Education level, n (%), illiterate/primary/secondary/tertiary | 3 (6.2)/9 (18.8)/20 (41.7)/16 (33.3) | 3 (6.7)/10 (22.2)/19 (42.2)/13 (28.9) | 0.482b |
| Social status, n (%), living with family/alone | 47 (98.0)/1 (0.2) | 43 (95.6)/2 (4/4) | 0.503c |
| Exercise per day, n (%), 0/<30 min/>30 min | 9 (18.8)/16 (33.3)/23 (47.9) | 10 (22.2)/14 (31.1)/21 (46.7) | 0.968b |
| Ambulatory level, n (%), unaided/with stick | 45 (93.8)/3 (6.2) | 42 (93.3)/3 (6.7) | 0.417c |
| Medical history, n (%), hypertension/diabetes/dyslipidemia | 16 (33.3)/24 (50.0)/8 (16.7) | 15 (33.3)/22 (48.9)/8 (17.8) | 0.987b |
| MoCA score, mean (SD) | 22.04 (2.73) | 21.88 (2.96) | 0.339a |
| NCSE, composite score, mean (SD) | 50.87 (11.75) | 52.64 (12.03) | 0.890a |
| NCSE, normal domain, mean (SD) | 4.87 (1.75) | 5.04 (2.13) | 0.277a |
| CVAVLT totally recall score, mean (SD) | 14.72 (3.47) | 15.03 (3.16) | 0.676a |
| CVAVLT delay recall score, mean (SD) | 5.72 (3.21) | 5.03 (3.16) | 0.676a |
| CVCVFT score, mean (SD) | 10.18 (1.90) | 9.3 (2.35) | 0.351a |
| DST score mean (SD) | 7.34 (1.28) | 7.45 (1.59) | 0.876a |
| TMT-A score mean (SD) | 136.29 (31.31) | 132.14 (32.85) | 0.605a |
| TMT-B score mean (SD) | 238.34 (12.99) | 245.14 (11.59) | 0.763a |
| CVADL score, mean (SD) | 25.49 (2.39) | 26.06 (2.04) | 0.407a |
| MSQ score, mean (SD) | 48.13 (0.84) | 47.26 (0.69) | 0.633a |
Notes:
a
Independent sample t-test.
b
Fisher’s exact test.
c
Chi-square test.
Abbreviations: CG, control group; CrExp, creative expression; CVADL, Chinese Version of Activities of Daily Living; CVAVLT, Chinese Version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CVCVFT, Chinese Version of the Category Verbal Fluency Test; DST, Digital Span Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MSQ, Memory Satisfaction Questionnaire; NCSE, Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B.