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. 2018 Jul 24;13:1313–1320. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S161861

Table 2.

Outcome at baseline, postintervention, and 3 months follow-up

Measures Groups, CrExp (n=48) and CG (n=45) Baseline mean ± SE Postintervention, mean ± SE Follow-up mean ± SE Postintervention
Follow-up
P-value (group) P-value (time) Effect size (95% CI) P-value (group) P-value (time) Effect size (95% CI)
MoCA CrExp 22.04±2.73 24.68±1.84 24.33±1.53 0.001* <0.001 d=0.79 (0.34, 1.43) 0.031* <0.001 d=0.53 (0.10, 1.03)
CG 21.88±2.96 23.13±1.68 23.07±1.20 <0.001 <0.001
NCSE CrExp 50.87±1.75 61.34±2.03 60.90±1.84 <0.001 <0.001 d=0.82 (0.36, 1.36) 0.019* <0.001 d=0.49 (0.07, 0.81)
Normal domain CG 52.64±1.03 57.33±1.15 57.06±166 0.001 <0.001
NCSE CrExp 4.87±0.25 7.03±0.63 7.16±0.86 0.001* <0.001 d=0.86 (0.29, 1.31) 0.027* <0.001 d=0.31 (−0.06, 0.70)
Composite domain CG 5.14±0.17 6.33±0.58 5.92±0.75 <0.001 <0.001
CVAVLT CrExp 5.72±0.41 7.48±0.67 7.39±0.72 0.023* <0.001 d=0.54 (0.08, 0.97) 0.145 <0.001 d=0.67 (0.18, 1.13)
Immediate recall CG 5.03±0.36 6.35±0.59 6.23±0.85 <0.001 <0.001
CVAVLT CrExp 15.42±0.77 18.55±0.88 19.70±0.94 0.026* <0.001 d=0.43 (0.03, 0.89) 0.345 <0.001 d=0.38 (−0.06, 0.75)
Delay recall CG 15.53±0.86 17.30±0.64 18.16±0.73 <0.001 <0.001
CVCVFT CrExp 9.81±0.69 11.77±0.58 11.38±0.61 0.017* <0.001 d=0.47 (0.05, 0.91) 0.109 <0.001 d=0.51 (0.09, 0.88)
CG 9.77±0.58 10.20±0.64 10.31±0.43 0.009* 0.011*
DST CrExp 7.34±1.28 9.63±1.28 9.17±1.01 <0.001 <0.001 d=0.29 (−0.10, 0.75) 0.034* <0.001 d=0.45 (0.03, 0.89)
CG 7.45±1.59 8.69±1.48 7.44±1.43 0.013* 0.021*
TMT-A CrExp 136.29±11.13 113.40±8.61 110.42±6.81 0.087 <0.001 d=0.45 (0.01, 0.88) 0.089 <0.001 d=0.63 (0.20, 1.04)
CG 132.14±12.85 114.54±7.39 120.13±5.29 <0.001 <0.001
TMT-B CrExp 245.14±10.59 202.57±8.14 198.91±7.90 0.030* <0.001 d=0.38 (0.04, 0.76) 0.016* <0.001 d=−0.11 (−0.55, 0.37)
CG 238.34±9.91 215.45±7.51 221.77±8.57 <0.001 <0.001
CVADL CrExp 25.49±0.39 23.18±0.52 23.11±0.32 0.041* 0.002* d=0.92 (0.53, 1.46) 0.043* 0.016* d=0.59 (0.16, 0.99)
CG 26.06±0.44 25.49±0.47 25.21±0.36 0.063 0.056
MSQ CrExp 48.13±0.84 36.77±0.74 37.54±0.59 <0.001 <0.001 d=0.66 (0.23, 1.06) <0.001 <0.001 d=0.32 (−0.01, 0.69)
CG 47.26±0.69 42.16±0.82 41.36±0.63 <0.001 <0.001

Notes: Effect size was defined as Cohen’s d of the CrExp group compared with the CG. Mean = adjusted mean after Bonferroni correction. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CVADL, Chinese Version of Activities of Daily Living; CVAVLT, Chinese Version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CVCVFT, Chinese Version of the Category Verbal Fluency Test; CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; CrExp, creative expression group; DST, Digital Span Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MSQ, Memory Satisfaction Questionnaire; NCSE, Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination; SE, standard error; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B.