TABLE 1.

Summary of the studies that contained the original nutrient composition data for populations in the United States and Canada (1980–2017)¹

								Protein		Fat			Carbohydrates
Ref	Year	Subjects	Location	Lactation stage, d	Subject number	Sample collection	Storage	Total protein	Amino acids	Total fat	Fatty acids	Others	Lactose	HMO	Others	Vitamin	Mineral	Energy
Gross et al. (92)	1980	NA	USA	21–28	18	Morning	Lyophilized and stored –20°C	X		X			X				X	X
Clark et al. (88)	1982	NA	CT, MA	42–112	10	Morning and afternoon	Transport on dry ice, stored –70°C			X	X	X
Garza et al. (125)	1983	NA	USA	180	6	Between 0800 and 1200	Transport at 4°C, stored –20°C	X		X							X	X
Clark et al. (126)	1983	NA	USA	42–112	10	Morning and afternoon	Transport on dry ice, stored –70°C			X		X
Feeley et al. (94)	1983	Caucasian, black, oriental	Athens, GA	30–45	105	Morning and afternoon	Stored –20°C										X
Feeley et al. (127)	1983	Caucasian, black, oriental	Athens, GA	30–45	105	Morning and afternoon	Stored –20°C										X
Dewey et al. (36)	1984	NA	Davis, CA and northern CA	120–330	12	2nd feeding, morning	Stored –20°C	X		X			X				X
Butte et al. (90)	1984	NA	Houston, TX	28–84	13	Between 0800 and 1200	Transport at 4°C, stored –20°C	X		X							X	X
Butte et al. (128)	1984	NA	Houston, TX	30–120	41	24 h	Transport on ice, stored temp NA	X		X			X					X
Casey et al. (93)	1985	White	USA	28	9	Midfeed, midmorning	Stored –70°C										X
Janas and Picciano (129)	1986	NA	IL, USA	28–56	10	Foremilk and hind milk, morning	Stored –20°C		X
Garza et al. (64)	1986	NA	USA	30–120	20	24 h	Transport on ice, stored temp NA											X
Janas et al. (89)	1987	NA	Urbana-Champaign, IL	28–56	40	Foremilk and hind milk, time NA	Freezing, temp NA		X
Ferris et al. (130)	1988	NA	USA	42–112	12	Morning and afternoon	Transport on dry ice, stored –70°C			X			X					X
Dewey and Lonnerdal (91)	1983	NA	Davis, CA	30–180	20	2nd feeding, morning	Freezing, temp NA	X		X			X				X	X
Casey et al. (87)	1989	Caucasian, 1 Native American, 1 Hispanic	Denver, CO	4–360	22	Midfeed, midmorning	Stored –70°C										X
Stuff and Nichols (131)	1989	NA	Houston, TX	112–252	58	24 h	NA	X		X
Butte et al. (111)	1990	NA	TX, USA	30–120	20	24 h	Freezing, temp NA	X		X			X					X
Allen et al. (79)	1991	Caucasian	Denver, CO	21–180	13	Midmorning	Transport on ice, stored –70°C								X		X
Nommsen et al. (35)	1991	NA	CA, USA	90–360	21–58	24 h	Freezing, temp NA	X		X			X					X
Wack et al. (132)	1997	NA	USA	0–360	30	Between 1000 and 1400	Stored –35°C						X				X
Friel et al. (95)	1999	NA	Newfoundland, Canada	7–84	17	Between 1000 and 1400	Transport in cooler, stored –20°C										X
Glew et al. (96)	2008	NA	NM, USA	30–180	29	Between 0700 and 1000	Stored –70°C			X	X
Hannan et al. (97)	2009	Mexican-American	Rio Grande Valley, south TX	30–90	17	NA	Stored –20°C										X
Tijerina-Saenz et al. (123)	2009	Caucasian	Vancouver, Canada	30	60	Hindmilk	Transport frozen, stored –80°C				X					X
Glew et al. (122)	2011	Hispanic and non-Hispanic white	NMn, USA	30–180	19	Between 0830 and 1030	Stored –70°C			X	X
Alderete et al. (133)	2015	NA	OK, USA	30–180	25	Morning, 0800–1000	Stored –80°C							X
Perrin et al. (98)	2016	NA	Raleigh, NC	330–360	19	1st or 2nd feeding, morning	In subject's freezer until study completed, then –80°C	X		X			X	X			X

¹NA, not available; Ref, reference.