TABLE 6.
Major minerals in human milk for populations in the United States and Canada (1980–2017)1
| Calcium | Magnesium | Phosphorus | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | |||||||
| Ref | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Method |
| Allen et al. (79) | 28.07 | 2.01 | 22.95 | 3.19 | 3.87 | 0.24 | 3.98 | 0.48 | — | — | Ion-selective electrodes and colorimetry |
| Perrin et al. (98) | — | — | 19.40 | 2.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ICP-MS |
| Dewey et al. (36) | 22.94 | 4.01 | 22.36 | 4.27 | 3.12 | 0.56 | 3.06 | 0.53 | — | — | AAS and AES |
| Gross et al. (92) | 24.98 | 5.98 | — | — | 2.62 | 0.70 | — | — | 15.08 | 3.71 | AAS and colorimetric |
| Butte et al. (90) | 25.38 | 3.16 | — | — | 3.46 | 0.83 | — | — | 14.44 | 2.75 | AAS and colorimetric |
| Dewey and Lonnerdal (91) | 25.30 | 4.54 | — | — | 3.17 | 0.55 | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Garza et al. (125) | 21.34 | 1.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Friel et al. (95) | 27.96 | 3.69 | — | — | 2.91 | 0.51 | — | — | — | — | ICP-MS |
| Feeley et al. (127) | 26.20 | 6.14 | — | — | 5.00 | 1.26 | — | — | 13.30 | 3.76 | ICP |
1AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry; AES, atomic emission spectrometry; ICP, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; Ref, reference.