TABLE 7.
Electrolytes in human milk for populations in the United States and Canada (1980–2017)1
| Sodium | Potassium | Chloride | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | ||||||||
| Ref | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Method |
| Allen et al. (79) | 15.48 | 2.85 | 16.15 | 4.61 | 54.29 | 4.82 | 50.04 | 4.70 | 48.15 | 7.35 | 50.40 | 12.74 | Ion-selective electrodes and colorimetry |
| Perrin et al. (98) | — | — | 6.79 | 2.10 | — | — | 36.37 | 5.88 | — | — | — | — | ICP-MS |
| Dewey et al. (36) | 9.46 | 5.14 | 8.05 | 3.91 | 39.77 | 7.10 | 37.15 | 6.17 | — | — | — | — | AAS and AES |
| Gross et al. (92) | 21.53 | 13.16 | — | — | 58.25 | 8.54 | — | — | 48.72 | 25.16 | — | — | AAS and colorimetric |
| Butte et al. (90) | 15.49 | 5.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS and colorimetric |
| Dewey and Lonnerdal (91) | 18.59 | 14.50 | — | — | 45.72 | 7.60 | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Garza et al. (125) | 13.19 | 1.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Wack et al. (132) | 14.45 | 7.17 | 12.45 | 11.13 | 50.44 | 9.19 | 44.88 | 6.12 | 38.80 | 12.61 | 40.87 | 18.60 | ICP |
1AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry; AES, atomic emission spectrometry; ICP, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; Ref, reference.