TABLE 8.
Trace minerals in human milk for populations in the United States and Canada (1980–2017)1
| Zinc | Copper | Iron | Selenium μg/100 g | Iodine μg/100 g | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 7–12 mo | 1–6 mo | 1–6 mo | ||||||||||
| Ref | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Method |
| Casey et al. (87) | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.030 | 0.008 | 0. 017 | 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Hannan et al. (97) | 0.20 | 0.10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.04 | 0.06 | — | — | 1. 53 | 0.31 | 4.37 | 1.01 | AAS |
| Perrin et al. (98) | — | — | 0.06 | 0.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.02 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | ICP-MS |
| Dewey et al. (36) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | AAS and AES |
| Butte et al. (90) | 0.20 | 0.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS and colorimetry |
| Dewey and Lonnerdal (91) | 0.13 | 0.04 | — | — | 0.03 | 0.01 | — | — | 0.02 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Garza et al. (125) | 0.12 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003 | 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | AAS |
| Friel et al. (95) | 0.23 | 0.11 | — | — | 0.04 | 0.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ICP-MS |
| Casey et al. (93) | 0.29 | 0.32 | — | — | 0.04 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | FES-AES |
| Feeley et al. (94) | 0.29 | 0.12 | — | — | 0.08 | 0.05 | — | — | 0.08 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ICP |
1AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry; AES, atomic emission spectrometry; FES, flame emission spectrometry; ICP, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; Ref, reference.