Table 1.
Characteristics of the 9-year-old children included in the study
| Variables | Study sample | EWAS sub-sample | p valueb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All children n = 551 |
Boys n = 275 |
Girls n = 276 |
p valuea | All children n = 113 |
Boys n = 50 |
Girls n = 63 |
p valuea | ||
| Age (years) | 8.90 ± 0.13 | 8.89 ± 0.11 | 8.90 ± 0.14 | 0.857 | 8.89 ± 0.14 | 8.87 ± 0.09 | 8.91 ± 0.16 | 0.492 | 0.361 |
| HAZ | − 1.36 ± 0.88 | − 1.30 ± 0.91 | − 1.41 ± 0.85 | 0.133 | − 1.43 ± 0.93 | − 1.26 ± 1.01 | − 1.56 ± 0.85 | 0.100 | 0.466 |
| WAZ | − 1.74 ± 1.05 | − 1.72 ± 1.07 | − 1.75 ± 1.04 | 0.662 | − 1.72 ± 1.09 | − 1.74 ± 1.11 | − 1.71 ± 1.07 | 0.861 | 0.979 |
| BMI GW 8 (kg/m2) | 20.1 (14.3, 35.3) | 20.1 (15.4, 30.3) | 19.9 (14.3, 35.3) | 0.324 | 19.9 (15.4, 29.8) | 21.1 (15.4, 29.2) | 19.7 (17.1, 29.8) | 0.036 | 0.546 |
| BMI 9 years (kg/m2) | 14.0 (6.3, 25.4) | 14.1 (11.1, 22.8) | 13.9 (6.3, 25.4) | 0.036 | 14.1 (11.1, 23.6) | 13.9 (11.1, 17.9) | 14.2 (11.2, 23.6) | 0.452 | 0.473 |
| SES (GW 8) | 0.88 (− 5.82, 3.75) | 0.93 (− 5.55, 3.75) | 0.81 (− 5.82, 3.50) | 0.896 | 1.12 (− 5.82, 3.65) | 1.20 (− 5.14, 3.65) | 0.71 (− 5.82, 3.38) | 0.297 | 0.567 |
| SES (9 years) | − 0.17 (− 2.03, 2.92) | − 0.17 (− 1.96, 2.87) | − 0.17 (− 2.03, 2.92) | 0.996 | − 0.11 (− 1.96, 2.92) | − 0.02 (− 1.96, 2.72) | − 0.23 (− 1.80, 2.92) | 0.284 | 0.580 |
| Plasma CRP (mg/L) | 0.36 (0.03, 22.64) | 0.33 (0.03, 14.56) | 0.40 (0.07, 22.64) | 0.013 | 0.42 (0.08, 14.8) | 0.40 (0.08, 11.41) | 0.46 (0.10, 14.8) | 0.343 | 0.185 |
| Plasma IGF1 (ng/mL) | 93 (30, 245) | 83 (30, 174) | 103 (34, 245) | < 0.001 | 95 (38, 197) | 79 (39, 161) | 102 (38, 197) | < 0.001 | 0.948 |
| Plasma IGFBP3 (ng/mL) | 2769 (611, 6485) | 2633 (611, 5673) | 2923 (1130, 6485) | < 0.001 | 2660 (1130, 4527) | 2654 (1200, 4527) | 2683 (1130, 4485) | 0.333 | 0.619 |
| As in urine (µg/L) GW 8c | 77 (2, 2064) | 72.5 (2, 1535) | 95.0 (4, 2064) | 0.198 | 68 (16, 679) | 62 (17, 679) | 75 (16, 551) | 0.474 | 0.362 |
| As in urine (µg/L) 9 yearsc | 53 (9, 1268) | 51 (9, 1268) | 53 (12, 648) | 0.099 | 48 (10, 481) | 43 (10, 332) | 57 (14, 481) | 0.056 | 0.700 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median and range
GW gestational week, HAZ height-for-age z-scores, SES socioeconomic status, CRP C-reactive protein, IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1, IGFBP3 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3
ap values testing the differences between boys and girls for the respective dataset using Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test, as appropriate (normality evaluated by Shapiro–Wilk test)
bp values testing the differences between the two datasets (whole cohort and EWAS) using Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test, as appropriate (normality evaluated by Shapiro–Wilk test)
cAdjusted for average specific gravity (1.012)