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. 2018 Jul 27;8:11344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29341-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Blood-brain barrier disruption to large and small molecules following blast. (a) A significant increase in brain/serum ratios of ¹⁴C-sucrose, (b) and ^99mTc-albumin was observed in whole brain after 1X blast. (c) A significant increase in ¹⁴C-sucrose was also observed after 2X blast. (d) However, a significant increase in BBB permeability to albumin was at 0.25 h and 72 h after 2X blast, but not 24 h. One-way ANOVA post-hoc Dunnett’s. Values represent mean ± SEM. 1X blast: Sham (n = 7), mTBI 0.25 h (n = 8), 24 h (n = 8), and 72 h (n = 9). 2X blast: Sham (n = 22), mTBI 0.25 h (n = 5), 24 h (n = 11), and 72 h (n = 13). (*p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001).