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. 2018 Jul 27;8:11317. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29343-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hovmöller diagram of the kinetic turbulent diffusion rate (K_IW). The diffusion rate is calculated from equation (1), by using the Osborn-Cox relation³². We use here vertical segments of 320 m. Segments are defined along the vertical grid from the bottom to 50 m from the surface to avoid contamination by surface processes. Signal is de-trended and a Tukey windowing is applied. Variance loss is corrected by multiplying by a factor 1.07. The Hovmöller diagram shows an increase of bottom-induced kinetic turbulent diffusion rate from the onset of the 2003, where the post-EMT baroclinc structure appears in the bottom layer (see Fig. 5b).