Figure 5.

Caloric restriction (CR) results in significant changes in the duodenum bacteria composition and metabolite content. Principal component analysis was performed on 16 S rRNA sequences from faecal (A) and duodenum microbiota (B) and the duodenum content ¹H-NMR metabolic profiles (C). The projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) cross-validated scores (D,F) and loadings (E,G) for the discrimination between ¹H-NMR spectra from duodenum extracts from CR vs. ad libitum (Ad lib) mice (D,E) and AT vs AT-CR mice (F,G). Q²Y represents the goodness of fit for the PLS-DA models and p-values were derived using 1000 permutations of the Y matrix. Metabolites are color-coded according to their correlation coefficient. Metabolites pointing upward and with R² > 0.49 were significantly increased and those pointing downwards were decreased in the faeces from CR mice. The area under the curve of the 1H-NMR spectra was integrated for TUDCA (H), TCA + CA (I), succinate (J), and lactate (K). Data are presented as a 10–90 percentile boxplot with mean. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and Sidak’s multiple comparison post-tests. a: p < 0.05 for CR compared with Ad lib.