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. 2018 Jul 27;8:11340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29583-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Stress-strain curve of human ligament and the corresponding strain fields from digital image correlation in three steps before the specimen fails. A schematic sample with squares indicates the area where tissues were removed for electron microcopy. (B–D) Scanning electron microscopy of ligament samples. Left side 1,000x magnification (scale bar 20 μm), middle 5,000x magnification (scale bar 2.5 μm), right side 15,000x magnification (scale bar 1 μm), red arrows indicate the area of magnification for the next picture. (B) Clamping area. Images correspond to the area under the pyramids of the clamps. Collagen fibers remained partially to fully intact in all magnifications. (C) Edge area. Intact and partially ruptured collagen fibers are seen, indicated by disruption of fibers and ball-shaped collagens in higher magnifications. (D) Failure area. Lumpy collagen appearance, collagen disarrangement and collagen balls indicate multiple sites of rupturing in the failure areas.