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. 2018 Jul 27;8:11340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29583-4

Table 2.

Evaluation from scanning electron microscopy regarding collagen and keratin existence and integrity in three different areas of human skin after testing: Clamped area, transition/edge between clamping and testing area and in the area of failure.

Extra-cellular
matrix type (n = 48) 		Frequency (existence) Correlation Extracellular matrix integrity Correlation
•Area of sample fully intact partially disrupted fully disrupted
Collagen
•  Clamp 81% graphic file with name 41598_2018_29583_Figa_HTML.gif Cramér’s 23% 54% 23% graphic file with name 41598_2018_29583_Figb_HTML.gif Cramér’s
•  Edge 56% φ = 0.37 11% 56% 33% φ = 0.40
•  Failure 100% p = 0.033 6% 88% 6% p < 0.001
Keratin
•  Clamp 100% graphic file with name 41598_2018_29583_Figc_HTML.gif Cramér’s 19% 69% 13% graphic file with name 41598_2018_29583_Figd_HTML.gif Cramér’s
•  Edge 100% φ = 0.86 38% 50% 13% φ = 0.68
•  Failure 13% p < 0.001 0% 0% 100% p < 0.001

All specimens were tested in uniaxial quasi-static tensile tests until failure using 3D printed clamps made of polylactic acid with pyramid structures. Note: Percentages rounded to whole numbers.