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. 2018 Jul 27;9:2946. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05392-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Electronic characterisation of oxygen vacancies at SrTiO₃ surface. The dI/dV spectrum of the reduced surface is characterised by the presence of a broad peak localized at about 1.2 eV below the Fermi level (O_A), a signature of an oxygen-deficient system⁴². A smaller peak O_B just below the Fermi level (see inset) can also be attributed to oxygen impurity levels (see “Discussion”). For comparison, the spectrum for non-reduced sample is shown in beige (light brown)