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. 2018 Jul 27;8:11377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29063-9

Table 2.

Effect of annatto-extracted tocotrienol supplementation on bone microstructure properties of LV-4 and femura.

Variables LFD HFD T400 T1600 Met P value
LV-4 (trabecular bone)
   BV/TV, % 19.88a ± 0.58 16.96b ± 0.32 17.72b ± 0.69 18.72ab ± 0.63 17.18b ± 0.94 0.022
   Tb.N, mm−1 5.61a ± 0.06 5.35b ± 0.03 5.36b ± 0.07 5.47ab ± 0.09 5.30b ± 0.05 0.011
   Tb.Th, mm 0.045 ± 0.008 0.045 ± 0.001 0.045 ± 0.001 0.044 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.934
   Tb.Sp, mm 0.175b ± 0.002 0.186a ± 0.001 0.183ab ± 0.002 0.177b ± 0.003 0.187a ± 0.001 <0.001
   Conn.Dn, mm−3 213.0a ± 15.3 161.5c ± 8.3 177.0bc ± 8.0 204.4ab ± 13.3 158.3c ± 8.3 0.002
   SMI 1.363b ± 0.110 1.749a ± 0.091 1.715a ± 0.095 1.379b ± 0.089 1.867a ± 0.120 0.002
Distal femur (trabecular bone)
   BV/TV, % 9.35ab ± 0.61 5.86c ± 0.35 6.95bc ± 0.80 10.91a ± 1.34 7.80bc ± 1.67 0.010
   Tb.N, mm−1 4.03a ± 0.15 3.29b ± 0.10 3.40b ± 0.12 3.86a ± 0.12 3.25b ± 0.15 <0.001
   Tb.Th, mm 0.049 ± 0.001 0.047 ± 0.001 0.052 ± 0.002 0.054 ± 0.002 0.050 ± 0.003 0.208
   Tb.Sp, mm 0.247b ± 0.008 0.307a ± 0.009 0.297a ± 0.010 0.259b ± 0.009 0.316a ± 0.015 <0.001
   Conn.Dn, mm−3 50.59a ± 5.93 22.46b ± 3.49 27.60b ± 6.30 51.23a ± 9.96 24.51b ± 7.93 0.005
   SMI 2.729bc ± 0.051 3.063a ± 0.091 2.898ab ± 0.123 2.470c ± 0.146 3.027ab ± 0.169 0.007
Femur mid-diaphysis (cortical bone)
   B.Ar, mm2 0.95 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.04 0.440
   T.Ar, mm2 2.07 ± 0.04 1.99 ± 0.04 2.01 ± 0.06 2.07 ± 0.05 1.95 ± 0.04 0.369
   Ct.Th, mm 0.221a ± 0.003 0.208b ± 0.004 0.223a ± 0.004 0.222a ± 0.005 0.204b ± 0.006 0.019

aValues are mean ± SEM, n = 10. Within the same row, values not sharing a common letter are statistically different (p < 0.05).

B.Pm, bone perimeter; BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; B.Ar, cross-sectional bone area; Conn.Dn, connectivity density; Ct.Th; cortical thickness; HFD, high-fat diet; LFD, low-fat diet, LV-4, lumbar vertebrae-4; Met, HFD + metformin at 200 mg/kg diet; T400, HFD + TT at 400 mg/kg diet; TT1600, HFD + TT at 1600 mg/kg diet; T.Ar, cross-sectional total area; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Pf, trabecular bone pattern factor; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; SMI, structure model index.