Table 4.
Secondary outcomes
| Treatment as usual (n=245) | Cognitive behavioural therapy plus treatment as usual (n=242) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSYRATS: auditory hallucinations | ||||
| Baseline | 24·9 (12·6); 200 | 21·1 (14·1); 214 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 22·4 (13·4); 192 | 17·8 (14·2); 185 | −2·56 (−4·87 to −0·26) | 0·029 |
| 21 months | 20·3 (14·4); 182 | 17·1 (14·2); 179 | −1·38 (−3·75 to 0·99) | 0·26 |
| PSYRATS: delusion | ||||
| Baseline | 14·9 (5·3); 236 | 14·3 (5·7); 218 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 13·2 (6·7); 216 | 12·2 (6·8); 200 | −0·42 (−1·61 to 0·77) | 0·49 |
| 21 months | 12·7 (6·8); 203 | 11·4 (7·1); 193 | −0·76 (−1·98 to 0·46) | 0·22 |
| PSYRATS unusual beliefs: cognitive | ||||
| Baseline | 9·9 (3·5); 240 | 9·6 (3·8); 221 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 8·8 (4·3); 216 | 8·2 (4·5); 201 | −0·24 (−1·01 to 0·54) | 0·55 |
| 21 months | 8·5 (4·4); 205 | 7·8 (4·7); 194 | −0·35 (−1·14 to 0·44) | 0·39 |
| PSYRATS unusual beliefs: emotional | ||||
| Baseline | 5·0 (2·4); 238 | 4·7 (2·6); 227 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 4·4 (2·9); 219 | 3·9 (2·9); 206 | −0·29 (−0·79 to 0·22) | 0·27 |
| 21 months | 4·3 (2·9); 206 | 3·6 (3·0); 199 | −0·53 (−1·05 to −0·00) | 0·049 |
| PSYRATS voices: cognitive | ||||
| Baseline | 4·5 (2·5); 213 | 3·9 (2·8); 224 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 4·0 (2·7); 204 | 3·4 (2·8); 193 | −0·32 (−0·82 to 0·17) | 0·19 |
| 21 months | 3·8 (2·8); 187 | 3·3 (2·9); 187 | −0·17 (−0·68 to 0·34) | 0·51 |
| PSYRATS voices: emotional | ||||
| Baseline | 5·4 (2·8); 222 | 4·7 (3·1); 232 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 5·0 (3·0); 208 | 4·2 (3·3); 202 | −0·43 (−0·95 to 0·08) | 0·10 |
| 21 months | 4·6 (3·3); 197 | 4·1 (3·3); 199 | −0·03 (−0·55 to 0·50) | 0·91 |
| PSYRATS voices: physical | ||||
| Baseline | 6·2 (3·4); 223 | 5·5 (3·8); 232 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 5·7 (3·6); 209 | 4·7 (3·8); 208 | −0·58 (−1·11 to −0·04) | 0·034 |
| 21 months | 5·1 (3·8); 198 | 4·4 (3·6); 201 | −0·30 (−0·85 to 0·24) | 0·28 |
| PSYRATS voices: loudness | ||||
| Baseline | 2·6 (1·4); 239 | 2·5 (1·5); 229 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 2·3 (1·6); 219 | 2·0 (1·6); 206 | −0·22 (−0·50 to 0·06) | 0·12 |
| 21 months | 2·3 (1·6); 206 | 1·9 (1·7); 199 | −0·28 (−0·57 to 0·01) | 0·056 |
| CDSS | ||||
| Baseline | 7·4 (4·7); 238 | 7·1 (4·8); 233 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 6·8 (4·8); 215 | 6·3 (4·5); 210 | −0·54 (−1·31 to 0·23) | 0·17 |
| 21 months | 6·6 (5·1); 205 | 6·0 (4·4); 202 | −0·50 (−1·28 to 0·29) | 0·21 |
| ATI | ||||
| Baseline | 18·9 (4·9); 236 | 18·2 (4·8); 226 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 18·0 (5·0); 206 | 17·5 (5·2); 189 | −0·07 (−0·88 to 0·73) | 0·86 |
| 21 months | 18·1 (5·0); 193 | 16·9 (5·1); 180 | −0·60 (−1·44 to 0·24) | 0·16 |
| PSP | ||||
| Baseline | 48·3 (13·5); 245 | 49·2 (15·5); 242 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 50·9 (13·9); 224 | 53·2 (14·6); 213 | 1·90 (−0·31 to 4·11) | 0·093 |
| 21 months | 51·4 (14·7); 214 | 51·5 (15·2); 206 | 0·18 (−2·07 to 2·44) | 0·87 |
| QPR | ||||
| Baseline | 47·4 (11·1); 228 | 48·5 (11·4); 216 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 48·7 (11·1); 194 | 50·9 (11·6); 181 | 1·88 (−0·03 to 3·79) | 0·053 |
| 21 months | 49·1 (11·7); 185 | 52·0 (9·6); 165 | 2·03 (0·04 to 4·01) | 0·045 |
| AUDIT | ||||
| Baseline | 3·5 (5·4); 234 | 4·3 (6·0); 230 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 3·5 (5·7); 209 | 4·4 (6·0); 194 | 0·69 (−0·17 to 1·56) | 0·12 |
| 21 months | 3·2 (5·0); 193 | 4·6 (6·5); 190 | 0·80 (−0·09 to 1·69) | 0·078 |
| DAST | ||||
| Baseline | 0·7 (1·5); 231 | 0·7 (1·4); 224 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 0·9 (1·7); 173 | 0·7 (1·7); 153 | −0·13 (−0·43 to 0·18) | 0·41 |
| 21 months | 0·6 (1·3); 181 | 0·6 (1·3); 170 | 0·12 (−0·17 to 0·41) | 0·42 |
| Condition improvement CGI* | ||||
| 9 months | 3·3 (1·1); 157 | 3·3 (1·1); 141 | −0·04 (−0·50 to 0·42) | 0·82 |
| 21 months | 3·5 (1·0); 147 | 3·2 (0·9); 131 | −0·33 (−0·54 to −0·11) | 0·013 |
| Severity CGI | ||||
| Baseline | 4·8 (0·8); 162 | 4·8 (0·9); 158 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 4·3 (1·1); 213 | 4·2 (1·0); 207 | −0·09 (−0·30 to 0·12) | 0·40 |
| 21 months | 4·2 (1·0); 212 | 4·1 (1·0); 208 | −0·03 (−0·24 to 0·18) | 0·77 |
| Participant severity CGI | ||||
| Baseline | 4·0 (1·6); 157 | 3·9 (1·4); 152 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 3·7 (1·5); 186 | 3·6 (1·7); 197 | 0·06 (−0·27 to 0·39) | 0·73 |
| 21 months | 3·7 (1·6); 210 | 3·7 (1·5); 193 | 0·12 (−0·22 to 0·46) | 0·48 |
| EQ-5D-5L | ||||
| Baseline | 0·703 (0·225); 230 | 0·740 (0·201); 223 | .. | .. |
| 9 months | 0·721 (0·254); 205 | 0·760 (0·223); 187 | 0·035 (−0·004 to 0·073) | 0·079 |
| 21 months | 0·730 (0·223); 189 | 0·773 (0·204); 180 | 0·028 (−0·012 to 0·068) | 0·17 |
Data are mean (SD); N, unless otherwise stated. PSYRATS=Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales. CDSS=Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia. ATI=Anxious Thoughts Inventory. PSP=Personal and Social Performance Scale. QPR=Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery. AUDIT=Alcohol Use Disorder Test. DAST=Drug Abuse Screening Test. CGI=Clinical Global Impression Scale. EQ-5D-5L=health status and health-related utility.
*
Analysed separately at 9 and 21 months because baseline score was not collected.