Table 1.

Matrix of intervening factors for corrupt practices in Vietnam’s health sector

	Systemic factors	Individual factors
Opportunities for corruption	Poor governance	None
	Discretion
	Transparency
	Accountability
	Enforcement
Pressures for corruption	Pharmaceutical market related factors	Pharmaceutical market related factors
	Product related factors
	Regulation related factors
	Survival in the market (Sales-based compensation policies)	Survival in the market (Pressure to achieve sale targets, fear of being fired if targets are not achieved)
	Health care structures and processes
	The tender system
	Remuneration systems and financial pressure
	Workplace pressures
Rationalization for corruption	Normalization of corruption	Self-interest maximization
	The prevalence of corruption	Professional ethics
	Other social norms	Personal values
		Knowledge and skills
		Advancement opportunity
		Reputation
		Employment