Table 3.

Antibiotic resistance and association with antibiotic use for E. coli

	Resistance		Association with antibiotic use
	No. of tests/strata	Proportion resistant (95% CI)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Amoxicillin/Ampicillin	2330 / 139	62 (55–69)	1.08 (0.84–1.40)	0.53
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	2330 / 139	39 (35–44)	1.07 (1.02–1.12)	0.004
Ceftriaxone	1085 / 119	18 (13–24)	1.10 (0.68–1.76)	0.71
Cefepime	1083 / 119	8 (6–12)	1.06 (0.90–1.25)	0.49
Piperacillin-tazobactam	1085 / 119	17 (13–21)	2.11 (1.45–3.07)	< 0.001
Quinolones	2330 / 139	20 (17–23)	1.52 (1.25–1.86)	< 0.001
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	2329 / 139	32 (27–37)	1.59 (1.19–2.13)	0.002
Gentamicin	1085 / 119	18 (14–22)	1.30 (0.45–3.71)	0.63
Combined	13,657 / 1032	24 (15–36)	1.09 (1.04–1.14)	< 0.001

Results from logistic mixed models for antibiotic resistance in relation to consumption. Odds ratios represent the change in the odds for resistance per increase in antibiotic use by 5 DDD/100 bed-days. Strata refer to year/department combinations

CI confidence interval