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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2018 Jun 18;41(8):526–539. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.003

Figure 3. Neural pathways for sensory and interoceptive processing of thirst and hunger signals.

Figure 3

Schematics showing the sensory and interoceptive pathways in the mammalian brain. The NTS and PBN are potential sites that integrate peripheral and visceral signals. a) Thirst: Black arrows indicate sensory ascending pathways, while blue arrows show thirst-related circuits. b) Hunger: Red arrows show hunger-related circuits.

ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex; BLA, Basolateral Amygdala; BNST, Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis; InsCtx, Insular Cortex; OVLT, Vascular Organ of Lamina Terminalis; SON, Supraoptic Nucleus; PVH, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Arc, Arcuate Nucleus; LH, Lateral Hypothalamus; PAG, Periaqueductal Gray; SFO, Subfornical Organ; MnPO, Median Preoptic Nucleus; PBN, Parabrachial Nucleus; NTS, Nucleus Tractus Solitarius