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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2018 Mar 13;35(4):247–254. doi: 10.1007/s10585-018-9877-y

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Radiation stimulates migration and invasion of tumor cells. (A) 4T1 cells cultured in vitro migrate preferentially toward supernatant (SN) from 4T1 cells spiked with recombinant GM-CSF. SN harvested from 4T1 cells irradiated to a dose of 20 Gy also stimulates migration, while inhibition of GM-CSF through shRNA or neutralizing antibodies blocks it. (B) Irradiation of 4T1 tumors in mice promotes recruitment of metastatic luciferase-labeled 4T1 cells. This process is inhibited when GM-CSF is genetically inhibited in the irradiated tumors. * denotes P < 0.05. Adapted from [2].