Table 2.

Associations of eating school breakfast every day with dietary outcomes in the Healthy Communities Study (N=5,106)^a

	Coefficient	Standard Error	95% Confidence Interval		P-value
Fruits/Vegetables/Legumes (cup/day)
0–4 days (n=3,315)b	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day (n=1,791)b	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.13	0.03
Whole Grain (oz/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	0.08	0.01	0.05	0.11	<0.0001
Dairy (cup/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	0.09	0.02	0.05	0.14	0.0001
Dietary Fiber (g/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	0.42	0.12	0.17	0.66	0.0009
Calcium (mg/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	34.46	7.85	19.07	49.85	<0.0001
Added Sugar (tsp/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	0.21	0.24	−0.26	0.69	0.38
Sugar from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (tsp/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	−0.14	0.14	−0.42	0.13	0.31
Energy-dense Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value (times/day)
0–4 days	Ref	-	-	-	-
Every day	0.04	0.06	−0.07	0.16	0.45

^aMultilevel model adjusted for:

Child-level variables: age (as polynomial with degrees as follows: 1 for fruit and vegetables and calcium; 2 for dairy, whole grains, dietary fiber, 3 for sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages; 4 for total added sugar, energy-dense foods of minimal nutritional value), gender, race/ethnicity, annual household income, maximum parental education, maximum parental employment, seasonality of interview (based on sinusoidal curve over time), Community-level variables: U.S. region, minority classification, urbanicity, proportion of population below the federal poverty level, percent of population unemployed, and percent catchment area with children that are African American, Hispanic.

Standard errors are clustered at community and school level.

^bN’s are the same for all outcomes variables.