Table 1.
Circulating Biomarkers That Have Been Investigated for an Association With AAA Expansion or Rupture
| Marker | Total Studies (n) | Significant Outcome | Total Patients (n) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coagulation | |||
| Activated protein C—protein C inhibitor32 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 163 |
| Activated prothrombin time (APTT)27 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 44 |
| D‐dimer (see Table 4)26, 27, 28 | 3 | 3 of 3 studies | 438 |
| Factor XII40 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 48 |
| Fibrinogen (see Table 4)22, 23, 27 | 3 | 3 of 3 studies | 381 |
| Plasmingon activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1; see Table 4)13, 27, 28, 35 | 4 | 4 of 4 studies | 304 |
| Plasmin‐antiplasmin‐ complex36 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 70 |
| Platelets27 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 44 |
| Prothrombin time27 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 44 |
| Prothrombin fragment 1+227 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 44 |
| Serpine‐132 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 163 |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; see Table 4)13, 27, 28, 35 | 4 | 4 of 4 studies | 304 |
| tPA serpine‐132 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 163 |
| Urokinase‐like PA13 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 70 |
| Connective tissue | |||
| Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (see Table 4)9, 10, 12 | 3 | 1 of 3 studies | 190 |
| Carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen41 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 86 |
| Elastase25 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 79 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1)34 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 68 |
| MMP‐232, 34 | 2 | 0 of 2 studies | 231 |
| MMP‐334 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 68 |
| MMP‐9 (see Table 4)10, 18, 32, 34 | 4 | 3 of 4 studies | 285 |
| S‐elastin peptides (see Table 4)8, 10, 36, 37, 38 | 5 | 5 of 5 studies | 365 |
| Transforming growth factor beta‐113 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 70 |
| Tissue inhibtor metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1; see Table 4)18, 32, 34 | 3 | 0 of 3 studies | 249 |
| α‐1 antitrypsine10, 18, 39, 40 (see Table 4) | 4 | 2 of 4 studies | 127 |
| α‐1 antitrypsine, Factor XII, D‐dimer, and IgG40 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 48 |
| Lipids | |||
| Albumin23 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 51 |
| Apolipoprotein A142 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 180 |
| Apolipoprotein B42 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 180 |
| Cholesterol42, 59 | 2 | 0 of 2 studies | 295 |
| Glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D43 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 133 |
| High‐density lipoprotein21, 59 | 2 | 0 of 2 studies | 295 |
| Low‐density lipoprotein59 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 117 |
| Lipoprotein A42 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 180 |
| Triglyceride42, 59 | 2 | 2 of 2 studies | 297 |
| Immune response system | |||
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae (see Table 4)11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 | 6 | 4 of 6 studies | 465 |
| CRP (see Table 4)17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 | 7 | 4 of 7 studies | 1421 |
| Cytomegalovirus44 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 119 |
| Helicobacter pylori45 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 119 |
| Herpes simplex 116 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 119 |
| Interleukin‐1ß30 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 90 |
| Interleukin‐230 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 90 |
| Interleukin‐6 (see Table 4)21, 30, 31 | 3 | 0 of 3 studies | 734 |
| Interleukin‐830 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 90 |
| Interferon gamma95 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 50 |
| Leukocytes22 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 225 |
| Macrophage inhibiting factor13, 47 | 2 | 1 of 2 studies | 168 |
| Neutrophil gelastinase‐ associated lipocalin48 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 40 |
| Osteopontin84 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 198 |
| Osteoprotegerin49 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 146 |
| Peroxiredoxin50 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 80 |
| Tumor necrosis factor‐α21, 30 | 2 | 1 of 2 studies | 268 |
| Tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apoptosis51 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 43 |
| Smoking | |||
| Cotinine (see Table 4)13, 24, 25 | 3 | 2 of 3 studies | 596 |
| Smoking25 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 79 |
| Kidney function | |||
| Creatinine21, 52 | 2 | 2 of 2 studies | 274 |
| Cystatine C52, 53 | 2 | 2 of 2 studies | 238 |
| Hormones | |||
| Endothelin‐1,254 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 65 |
| Endothelin‐121 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 178 |
| Insulin‐like growth factor 155 | 1 | 1 of 1 studies | 115 |
| Insulin‐like growth factor 255 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 115 |
| Others | |||
| Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec25 | 1 | 0 of 1 studies | 79 |
| Homocysteine (see Table 4)13, 21, 29 | 3 | 1 of 3 studies | 356 |
Markers are categorized by its (patho)physiological system. Per marker, the amount of included studies with significant outcomes are shown, as well as the total number of patients in studies pooled. AAA indicates abdominal aortic aneurysm.