Table 1.
Characteristics of 20 Cohort Studies Investigating Sex‐Specific Incidence of Hypertension by Alcohol Intake in People Without Hypertension at Baseline, 1989–2017
| Reference | Baseline Year(s), Setting | Baseline Hypertension Status, Sex, Age (y), Country | Design, Cases (No.), Participants (No.), Follow‐up Time (y) | Alcohol Assessment at Baseline | Assessment of Hypertension During Follow‐up | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascherio et al, 199642 |
1984. White female nurses from the NHS I (Nurses’ Health Study). Baseline exclusions: pregnant for at least 6 months, use of antihypertensive drugs, on a special diet, high BP (140/90 mm Hg), MI, coronary artery surgery, stroke, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, and all cancers except nonmelanoma skin cancer |
Normotensive, W, 38 to 63, USA |
Cohort, 2526, 41 541, 4 |
Lifetime abstainers, current drinkers: (0.1–9, 10–19, 20–29, ≥30) g/d | Self‐reported physician diagnosed hypertension (140/90 mm Hg), confirmed by review of medical record in a subsample n=100 | Age, BMI |
| Bae and Ahn, 200255 |
1992. Healthy Korean men from the Seoul Cohort Study, and beneficiaries of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) |
Normotensive, M, 40 to 59, South Korea |
Nested case control, 236, 1116, 4 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–70, 71–280, 281–560, >560) g/wk | Review of medical records through the hospital survey, use of antihypertensive drugs, self‐reporting on telephone, and clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg). JNC VI criteria for hypertension were used. | Frequency matched on age |
| Bai et al, 201753 |
2000. CHNS (China Health and Nutrition Survey). A multistage random cluster sampling in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. Baseline exclusions: <18 or >60 years age, missing data on BP, hypertension at baseline, taking antihypertensive medication, existing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, MI, stroke |
Normotensive, M,W, 18 to 60, China |
Cohort, 1147, 2751, 11 |
Lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, current drinkers (0.1–10.0, 10.1–25.0, >25.0) g/d | Having an average SBP⩾140 mm Hg, an average DBP ≥90 mm Hg, currently undergoing treatment with an antihypertensive medication, or having received a previous diagnosis by a physician | Age, income, employment status, education, province, urban or rural, DASH score, physical activity, BMI, smoking |
| Banda et al, 201043 |
1974–2003. Predominantly white males from the ACLA (Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study), well‐educated, middle and upper socioeconomic class, free of CVD, cancer, and hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 44 (20–82), USA |
Cohort, 1959, 14 568, 10.7 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–14, >14) drinks/week | Self‐reported physician diagnosed hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) through health survey | Age (single year), examination year, survey response pattern, resting SBP and DBP, diabetes mellitus, and family history of hypertension, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness |
| Diederichs and Neuhauser, 201754 |
1998. Adult population from the GNHIES (German National Health Interview and Examination Survey), free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M,W, 18 to 79, Germany |
Cohort, 585, 2231, 11.9 |
Men: Current abstainers, current drinkers: (<20, ≥20) g/d Women: Current abstainers, current drinkers: (<10, ≥10) g/d |
Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg), by taking average of the last 2 of 3 BP readings, each 3 minutes apart, after an initial rest of 5 minutes | Age, socioeconomic status, SBP, DBP, BMI, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, physical activity, community size, regions, health insurance |
| Forman et al, 200944 |
1991. Female nurses from the NHS II (Nurses’ Health Study), with normal BP (≤120/80 mm Hg) and free of diabetes mellitus, CVD, or cancer at baseline |
Normotensive, W, 36, USA |
Cohort, 10 152, 83 882, 14 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (0.1–5, 5.1–10, 10.1–15, 15.1–29.9, ≥30) g/d | Self‐reported hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) confirmed by medical record review in a subsample n=147 | Age, race, family history of hypertension, use of oral contraceptive pills, smoking status, quintile of DASH score, vigorous exercise, BMI, supplemental folic acid intake, frequency of acetaminophen use, frequency of NSAID use, frequency of aspirin use |
| Fuchs et al, 200123 |
1988. Black and white adults from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study, free of hypertension and CHD at baseline and alive throughout the follow‐up |
Normotensive, M,W, 45 to 64, USA |
Cohort, 1243, 8334, 6 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–209, ≥210) g/wk | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) by taking the average of the second and third reading after 5 minutes of rest |
Age, BMI, education, physical activity, and diabetes mellitus. Stratified by race |
| Halanych et al, 201022 |
1985. Young black and white men and women from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study, free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M,W, 24.8, USA |
Cohort, 1022, 4711, 20 |
Men: Never drinkers, former drinkers, current drinkers: (0–7, 7–14, >14) drinks/week. Women: Never drinkers, former drinkers, current drinkers: (0–4, 4–7, >7) drinks/week |
Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) as the mean of the second and third BP measurements, or use of antihypertensive drugs |
Age, family history of hypertension, BMI (continuous), smoking status, race, sex, education, income, difficulty paying for basics, and difficulty paying for medical care. Stratified by race |
| Nakanishi et al, 200148 |
1990. Japanese male office workers from the Takenaka Corporation in Osaka, free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 45.7, Japan |
Cohort, 458, 1130, 9 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (0.1–22.9, 23–45.9, 46–68.9, ≥69) g/d | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) after a 5‐minute rest, and/or receipt of antihypertensive medications | Age, BMI, cigarette smoking, total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, and fasting plasma glucose level at study entry |
| Nakanishi et al, 200249 |
1996. Japanese male office workers, free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 23 to 59, Japan |
Cohort, 964, 3784, 4 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (<12, 12–22, 23–45, ≥46) g/d | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) after a 5‐minute rest, in a seated position, or self‐report of antihypertensive medication use on an annual survey | Age, BMI, family history of hypertension, cigarette smoking, total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, fasting plasma glucose level |
| Niskanen et al, 200456 |
1987–1989. General population from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, free of hypertension and diabetes mellitus at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 51, Finland |
Cohort, 124, 379, 11 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–83, ≥84) g/wk | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) by taking the average of 2 BP readings while sitting with a 5‐minute interval of rest in between | Age, smoking, socioeconomic status, leisure‐time physical activity, CVD, dietary factors (saturated fat, sodium, potassium, fruits, vegetables), baseline SBP, waist girth, concentrations of insulin, glucose, HDL cholesterol, changes in waist girth, smoking, alcohol intake during follow‐up |
| Ohmori et al, 200250 |
1978. Subrural Japanese men from the Hisayama Study, with normal BP and free from CVD at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 53, Japan |
Cohort, 101, 433, 10 |
Never drinkers, former drinkers, current drinkers: (<23, 23–45, ≥46) g/d | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) on at least 2 occasions in different examinations | Age, BMI |
| Okubo et al, 201451 |
1993–2004. General Japanese population from the IPHS (Ibarakai Prefectural Health Study) underwent community‐based health checkups, free of hypertension, history of heart disease or stroke at baseline. Those who had stopped drinking alcohol were also excluded. |
Normotensive, M,W, 56.9, Japan |
Cohort, 45 428, 115 736, 3.9 (1–18) |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1.0–19.9, 20.0–39.9, 40.0–59.9, ≥60) g/d | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) by taking a BP measurement after 5 minutes of rest by a trained nurse |
Age, BMI, SBP, cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol level, triglyceride level (log), antidyslipidemic medication use, blood glucose level, anti–diabetes mellitus medication use, smoking status. Stratified by age |
| Onat et al, 200857 |
1997. General population from the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study, free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M,W, 47.6, Turkey |
Cohort, 645, 2683, 9 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–3, >3) drinks/day | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg), while sitting, average of 2 readings, at least 3 minutes apart | Age, physical activity, smoking status, lipid‐lowering therapy, hormone replacement therapy (only in women) |
| Peng et al, 201352 |
2006. Current and retired coal mine workers from the Kailuan study, free of hypertension, stroke, transient ischemia attack, MI, and cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at baseline |
Normotensive, M, 49.9, China |
Cohort, 9151, 32 389, 4 |
Current abstainers, current drinkers: (1–24, 25–49, 50–99, 100–149, ≥150) g/d | Cases had to meet 2 of the 3 criteria: self‐report of newly diagnosed hypertension; self‐report of newly initiated antihypertensive treatment; on‐site measured SBP at least 140 mm Hg and DBP at least 90 mm Hg, or either of them, then confirmed by at least 2 follow‐up BP measurements | Age, exercise, smoking status, type of work (mental or physical), salt intake, BMI, history of high cholesterol, history of diabetes mellitus |
| Sesso et al, 200847 |
1992. Male physicians (age, 40–84) from the PHS (Physicians’ Health Study) and female health professionals (age, ≥45) from the WHS (Women's Health Study), who were postmenopausal or not intending to become pregnant. All participants were also free of hypertension, stroke, MI, transient ischemic attack, and cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at baseline |
Normotensive, M,W, 40 to 84 (PHS), ≥45 (WHS), USA |
Cohort, 14 692, 42 303, 10.9 (WHS) and 21.8 (PHS) |
Men: Rarely or never drinkers, current drinkers: (1–3) drinks/mo (1, 2–4, 5–6) drinks/wk (1, ≥2) drinks/day Women: Rarely or never drinkers, current drinkers: (1–3) drinks/mo (1, 2–4, 5–6) drinks/wk (1, 2–3, ≥4) drinks/d |
Self‐reported hypertension (140/90 mm Hg), not necessarily physician diagnosed, and use of antihypertensive drugs | Age, exercise, parental history of MI, aspirin use, carotene, vitamin E treatment, postmenopausal status, smoking status, hormone replacement therapy, BMI, history of high cholesterol, history of diabetes mellitus |
| Thawornchaisit et al, 201358 |
2005. University students from the TCS (Thai Cohort Study), free of hypertension at baseline |
Normotensive, M,W, 31, Thailand |
Cohort, 578, not reported, 4 |
Never drinkers, former drinkers | Self‐reported physician diagnosed hypertension | Age, marital status, education, income, BMI category, underlying diseases, personal behaviors |
| Wang et al, 201124 |
1994–1998. Postmenopausal black and white women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study |
Normotensive, W, 60.8, USA |
Nested case control, 800, 1600, 5.9 |
Never drinkers, former drinkers, current drinkers: (<1, 1–7, ≥7) drinks/week | Clinical assessment of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg), after 5 minutes of rest, and mean of 2 readings 30 seconds apart, or self‐report of use of antihypertensive drugs on an annual questionnaire | Individually matched on age, ethnicity, clinical center, and time of enrollment |
| Witteman et al, 1989,45 199046 |
1980. Female nurses from the NHS I, free of antihypertensive medication, pregnancy in the last 6 months, high BP, MI, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, all cancers except nonmelanoma skin cancer, and any special diet at baseline |
Normotensive, W, 34 to 59, USA |
Cohort, 3275, 58 218, 4 |
Current abstainer, current drinkers: (0.1–9, 10–19, 20–29, ≥30) g/d. Stratified by age46 |
Self‐reported physician diagnosed hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) |
Age, Quetelet's index, and intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and fiber. Age‐stratified data46 were adjusted for Quetlet's index. |
BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHD, congestive heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; JNC VI, sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; M, men; M,W, men and women stratified; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; SBP, systolic blood pressure; W, women.