Table 1.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) chemokine and cytokine concentrations in the patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), remitting–relapsing multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and other neurological disorders (OND) (mean ± SD).
| pg/mL | NMOSD active (n = 4) | NMOSD remission (n = 3) | OND (n = 8) | RRMS relapse (n = 4) | RRMS remission (n = 4) | p < 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| †6Ckine (CCL21) | 175.7 ± 28.12 | 154.5 ± 31.77 | 185.3 ± 84.47 | 96.8 ± 67.36 | 167.5 ± 44.87 | |
| †BCA-1 (CXCL13) | 34.8 ± 33.39 | 23.0 ± 23.03 | 0.6 ± 0.27 | 4.2 ± 6.57 | 6.6 ± 6.67 | a, d |
| †CTACK (CCL27) | 3.9 ± 1.55 | 2.9 ± 1.06 | 2.9 ± 1.07 | 2.0 ± 0.73 | 4.5 ± 3.36 | |
| #,‡ENA-78 (CXCL5) | 59.3 ± 39.88 | 49.0 ± 38.90 | 68.0 ± 57.33 | 167.8 ± 78.51 | 98.1 ± 31.93 | b, c |
| #,†Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) | 11.8 ± 7.87 | 8.0 ± 6.29 | 4.6 ± 3.51 | 9.9 ± 6.01 | 6.9 ± 2.46 | |
| #,†Eotaxin-2 (CCL24) | 8.7 ± 7.66 | 1.3 ± 2.92 | 0.26 ± 0.000 | 0.3 ± 0.21 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | |
| #,†Eotaxin -3 (CCL26) | 5.1 ± 3.11 | 3.0 ± 0.99 | 2.0 ± 1.23 | 1.8 ± 0.53 | 2.0 ± 0.63 | |
| †,‡Factalkine (CX3CL1) | 80.9 ± 44.85 | 90.9 ± 41.09 | 71.2 ± 23.58 | 69.6 ± 33.82 | 81.6 ± 8.68 | |
| #,‡GCP-2 (CXCL6) | <12.0 | <12.0 | <12.0 | <12.0 | <12.0 | |
| #,‡GM-CSF | 2.2 ± 2.08 | 1.0 ± 1.33 | 1.0 ± 1.15 | 1.1 ± 0.74 | 0.9 ± 0.65 | |
| #,‡GRO-α (NAP-3 CXCL1) | 28.3 ± 7.55 | 25.9 ± 7.90 | 19.8 ± 2.39 | 21.6 ± 1.61 | 28.7 ± 16.97 | a, d |
| #,‡GRO -β (CXCL2) | 2.7 ± 0.90 | 1.9 ± 0.42 | 1.3 ± 0.77 | 1.7 ± 0.52 | 1.9 ± 0.76 | |
| †,‡I-309 (CCL1) | 20.0 ± 7.39 | 17.7 ± 7.13 | 5.4 ± 2.46 | 9.5 ± 7.32 | 10.7 ± 4.16 | a, b, d |
| IFN-γ | 0.91 ± 0.410 | 0.27 ± 0.34 | 0.13 ± 0.035 | 0.14 ± 0.029 | 0.15 ± 0.034 | a |
| IL-1β | 7.6 ± 0.98 | 6.0 ± 0.88 | 0.50 ± 0.146 | 0.76 ± 0.235 | 1.20 ± 8.556 | a, b, d |
| IL-2 | 0.83 ± 0.661 | 0.49 ± 0.456 | 0.41 ± 0.100 | 0.45 ± 0.070 | 0.49 ± 0.097 | |
| IL-4 | 3.09 ± 1.777 | 2.65 ± 0.909 | 3.39 ± 2.296 | 6.88 ± 3.265 | 3.96 ± 1.850 | |
| IL-6 | 7.0 ± 4.33 | 7.6 ± 2.69 | 8.9 ± 9.95 | 8.0 ± 10.11 | 11.3 ± 18.96 | |
| #,‡IL-8 (CXCL8) | 44.9 ± 23.99 | 36.8 ± 25.33 | 20.8 ± 7.27 | 14.5 ± 9.29 | 15.8 ± 20.67 | b, c |
| IL-10 | 1.9 ± 1.03 | 18.6 ± 8.28 | 1.96 ± 0.679 | 3.02 ± 0.950 | 3.03 ± 1.674 | b, c, d, e |
| IL-16 | 155.5 ± 108.77 | 97.0 ± 69.09 | 35.7 ± 19.56 | 45.4 ± 23.72 | 65.1 ± 33.69 | |
| †IP-10 (CXCL10) | 220.1 ± 205.44 | 146.7 ± 199.87 | 24.1 ± 12.29 | 29.9 ± 27.63 | 42.4 ± 21.40 | |
| †I-TAC (CXCL11) | 26.9 ± 25.80 | 28.3 ± 24.95 | 7.9 ± 3.18 | 12.9 ± 9.12 | 15.6 ± 7.35 | |
| †,‡MCP-1 (CCL2) | 169.3 ± 126.49 | 132.5 ± 112.59 | 111.1 ± 21.74 | 101.7 ± 55.76 | 125.7 ± 120.66 | |
| †,‡MCP-2 (CCL8) | 12.9 ± 13.90 | 8.0 ± 9.29 | 2.3 ± 1.65 | 2.1 ± 1.90 | 3.7 ± 0.95 | |
| †,‡MCP-3 (CCL7) | 8.7 ± 8.89 | 5.2 ± 4.02 | 1.7 ± 0.59 | 1.7 ± 0.63 | 1.9 ± 0.76 | |
| †,‡MCP-4 (CCL13) | 39.4 ± 41.54 | 31.9 ± 52.05 | 100.14 ± 10.37 | 50.1 ± 54.59 | 57.9 ± 52.48 | a, d |
| †MDC (CCL22) | 23.9 ± 30.03 | 13.9 ± 25.12 | 2.5 ± 1.02 | 7.5 ± 9.64 | 6.8 ± 5.81 | |
| MIF | 997.2 ± 979.97 | 699.9 ± 893.42 | 801.1 ± 501.02 | 223.7 ± 80.45 | 1,454.0 ± 2,957.27 | |
| †MIG (CXCL9) | 238.9 ± 209.54 | 169.9 ± 195.94 | 10.6 ± 3.78 | 17.7 ± 19.39 | 16.1 ± 4.71 | a, b, c, d |
| †,‡MIP-1α (CCL3) | 4.9 ± 3.90 | 3.0 ± 2.99 | 0.7 ± 0.24 | 1.9 ± 1.71 | 2.4 ± 0.83 | a, d |
| ‡MIP-1δ (CCL15) | 207.1 ± 98.46 | 139.2 ± 93.29 | 85.9 ± 28.49 | 75.1 ± 26.93 | 119.5 ± 45.59 | a, b |
| †MIP-3α (CCL20) | 0.65 ± 0.497 | 0.38 ± 0.383 | 0.38 ± 0.076 | 0.46 ± 0.088 | 0.64 ± 0.557 | |
| †MIP-3β (CCL19) | 90.6 ± 59.98 | 65.2 ± 67.92 | 33.1 ± 13.07 | 34.2 ± 31.94 | 47.5 ± 27.61 | a |
| †,‡MPIF-1 (CCL23) | 55.1 ± 59.90 | 27.8 ± 21.88 | 86.0 ± 37.02 | 100.0 ± 80.00 | 58.9 ± 51.31 | |
| †SCYB16 (CXCL16) | 469.1 ± 43.19 | 449.1 ± 43.18 | 420.7 ± 35.64 | 404.6 ± 62.92 | 449.2 ± 29.52 | |
| †,‡SDF-1α + β (CXCL12) | 434.4 ± 243.71 | 399.8 ± 245.79 | 394.4 ± 193.50 | 212.0 ± 161.03 | 381.9 ± 155.81 | b |
| †TARC (CCL17) | 95.9 ± 67.98 | 53.9 ± 55.92 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | 100.00 ± 0.000 | 85.9 ± 37.23 | |
| †TECK (CCL25) | 77.8 ± 32.51 | 52.5 ± 29.55 | 45.3 ± 8.11 | 53.6 ± 11.93 | 61.1 ± 38.13 | a, d |
| TNFα | 12.6 ± 7.18 | 7.9 ± 4.54 | 4.2 ± 2.93 | 6.9 ± 3.89 | 6.3 ± 2.17 | a, b, e |
Statistically significant differences between (a) NMOSD active and OND; (b) NMOSD active and relapse RRMS (c); NMOSD remission and remission RRMS; (d) NMOSD remission and OND; and (e) NMOSD active and NMOSD remission.
#Chemokine associated with neutrophil recruitment/activation.
†Chemokine associated with lymphocyte recruitment/activation.
‡Chemokine associated with monocyte/macrophage recruitment/activation.