Table 1.

IFN therapy–associated kidney lesions from selected series

Reference and Patients (n)	Timing of AKI Onset with IFN Therapy	Kidney Syndrome	Kidney Biopsy	Treatment Data	Outcome Data
Zuber et al.14
29	32.1±7.9 mo (eight patients), 34.0±7.1 mo (21 patients)	AKI, hypertension, proteinuria	TMA	Drug discontinuation ± corticosteroids, FFP, and plasma exchange	Kidney function: seven CR or PR, nine required chronic dialysis, 13 died
Markowitz et al.15
11	4 mo (median), 12.6 mo (mean)	AKI, nephrotic proteinuria	cFSGS	Drug discontinuation ± corticosteroids	Kidney function: four CR, five PR
					Proteinuria: one CR, two PR
Markowitz et al.15 (literature review)
21	5 d to 22 mo (range), 4.6 mo (mean)	AKI, nephrotic-range proteinuria	Eight MCD, ten FSGS, three cFSGS	Drug discontinuation ± corticosteroids	Kidney function: CR or PR in all MCD, improved in all FSGS but <50% CR or PR
Kayar et al.17
1	3 mo	AKI, nephrotic proteinuria	FSGS	Drug discontinuation, corticosteroids	Kidney function: CR
					Proteinuria: CR
Ozturk et al.18
1	6 yr	Proteinuria	FSGS	Drug discontinuation	Proteinuria: CR
Kundra and Wang20
68	35 mo (IFN-α for CML), 12 mo (IFN-α for HCV), 68.6 mo (IFN-β for MS)	AKI	TMA	Plasma exchange ± corticosteroids, FFP ± corticosteroids or rituximab or drug dose reduction or discontinuation	Kidney function: 27 CR, 28 CKD, 12 died

TMA, thrombotic microangiopathy; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; CR, complete remission; PR, partial remission; cFSGS, collapsing FSGS; MCD, minimal change disease; CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MS, multiple sclerosis.