Figure 1. Cohesin translocation requires ATP and Smc ATPases.
(A) Schematics representing the extrusion model of nuclear topology. Cohesin rings are loaded at Nipbl+ sites, extrude along DNA, and halt at CTCF+ anchor sites in the convergent orientation. (B) Venn diagram showing the distribution of Rad21 ChIP-Seq peaks relative to CTCF and Nipbl. (C) ChIP-Seq tracks of CTCF, Nipbl, and Rad21 in the presence and absence of ATP in activated B cells. (D) Histograms showing global Rad21 (left) or CTCF (right) occupancy at Nipbl+ loading sites in oligomycin-treated (black) and untreated (red) activated B cells. (E) ChIP-Seq profiles of transduced Smc3-biotag WT and ATPase mutants in activated B cells. (F) Occupancy of Smc3 WT and mutants at loading and anchor sites.