Figure 1. A schematic diagram of experiment arrangements.

Rats were pretreated with fucoidan for 10 days (once daily). Animals were then co-treated with fucoidan (once daily) and rotenone (5 times a week) for 4 weeks. Behavioral tests were conducted 1 day before fucoidan pretreatment, and 1 day before and 2 and 4 weeks after rotenone co-treatment with fucoidan or rasagiline. Other neurochemical assays, including immunohistochemistry, western blot, electron microscopy, HPLC-ECD analysis, mitochondrial respirometry and oxidative stress measurement were performed 1 day after a 4-week co-treatment period.