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. 2018 Jul 30;8:11449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29854-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The pathway 1 to produce 5a by the Friedel-Crafts reaction between 2 and 3 without the assistance of aromatic amine (Energy in kcal/mol). Energies out of parenthesis were obtained at M06-2X (6–311 + G*/LANL2DZ). Energies in parenthesis were obtained at M06–2X (6–311 + G*/LANL2DZ) by PCM calculation. (b) The structures of the optimized transition states (Bond length in Å). All hydrogen atoms (except the transferred H) have been omitted for clarity.