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. 2018 Jul 30;8:11431. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29822-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Synchronization of a pair of mutually inhibitory neurons and its dependence on synaptic kinetics. (a) Fast-spiking soma-projecting and somatostatin dendrite-projecting interneurons. Synapses located on dendrites effectively delay the inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron by 0– 800 μs. (b) Inhibitory postsynaptic current (red line) evoked by a presynaptic action potential (black line) applied to a VLSI synapse. Synaptic kinetics: inhibition delay d, neurotransmitter docking time τ_d, undocking time τ_u, and spike width W. (c) Membrane voltage oscillations of mutually inhibitory neurons below, at, and above the synchronization current, I_s. τ_u = 1.5 ms. (d) Frequency-current dependence of a VLSI neuron (square symbols) and frequency-current dependence of phase-locked oscillations (red line). Their intercept gives the frequency (f_s) and current (I_s) of phasic oscillations. Domains of synchronized oscillations at d = 0.2W (vertical bands). (e) Phase diagram of synchronization in the d − I_stim plane where delay d is normalised by the spike width W. Two alternative mechanisms contribute to synchronization in local inhibitory networks: a change in current stimulation (PVB: parvalbumin neuron-type synchronization) and an increase in inhibition delay (SST: somatostatin neuron-type synchronization). (f) Frequency of phasic oscillations as a function of the decay time of the postsynaptic current.