Table 3.
Change in Performance (Baseline to 90 Days) on Cognitive Measures Between Groups
| Placebo M (SD) | Low-dose M (SD) | Cohen's d (effect size) | High-dose M (SD) | Cohen's d (effect size) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled oral word association (Words generated) | 4.50 (5.28) | 2.42 (7.43) | 0.4 (0.2) | 3.90 (7.09) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.67 |
| Digits forward and backward | 1.56 (2.92) | 0.08 (2.07) | 0.58 (0.3) | −0.70 (2.79) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.20 |
| DSST correct | 4.70 (2.67) | 6.25 (10.14) | 0.2 (0.1) | 8.90 (8.13) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.64 |
| Eriksen flanker task (incongruent RT–congruent RT)a | −7.70 (25.93) | 5.72 (61.6) | 0.3 (0.1) | −9.83 (33.9) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.48 |
| HVLT–Recall (number correct) | 2.10 (6.33) | 8.33 (15.04) | 0.5 (0.3) | 1.80 (8.57) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.46 |
| HVLT–Discrimination index (number correct minus number incorrect) | 1.50 (2.46) | −0.17 (2.08) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.00 (2.54) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.25 |
| Task switching | ||||||
| Accuracy | 0.56 (6.06) | −1.60 (4.03) | 0.42 (0.21) | 8.22 (20.70) | −0.50 (−0.24) | 0.77 |
| Reaction time no switch (in ms) | −325.22 (320.31) | −328.00 (350.37) | 0.01 (0.004) | 5.72 (185.10) | −1.27 (−0.53) | 0.13 |
| Reaction time yes switch (in ms) | −463.22 (363.73) | −633.35 (333.46) | 0.49 (0.24) | 34.11 (682.48) | −0.91 (−0.41) | 0.13 |
| Trails A time (s) | −2.99 (10.87) | −1.19 (7.94) | 0.1 (0.06) | −11.78 (8.64) | 0.97 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| Trails B time (s) | 1.29 (28.24) | 4.76 (26.93) | 0.1 (0.06) | 6.31 (30.61) | 0.2 (0.08) | 0.77 |
a
Median was reported.